1 Periodic Table
1.1 Symbol
1.2 Group Number
1.3 Period Number
1.4 Block
1.5 Element Family
Lanthanide
Transition Metal
1.6 CAS Number
74404517440257
7429905
54386242
1.8 Space Group Name
1.9 Space Group Number
3 Facts
3.1 Interesting Facts
- Cerium is a rare earth metal but still it is not rare at all.
- It’s non-toxic compound Cerium sulfide has a rich red color and it is used as a pigment.
- Cerium metal is also used in Flat screen TVs, light bulb, floodlights, etc.
- Tantalum metal is known as corrosion resistance.
- Tantalum metal can easily fabricated and It is a good conductor of heat and electricity.
3.2 Sources
Found in Minerals, Mining, Ores of Minerals
Found in Minerals, Mining, Ores of Minerals
3.3 History
3.3.1 Who Discovered
Martin Heinrich Klaproth, Jöns Jakob Berzelius, Wilhelm Hisinger
Anders Gustaf Ekeberg
3.3.2 Discovery
3.4 Abundance
3.4.1 Abundance In Universe
1 * 10-6 %8 * 10-9 %
5E-09
0.11
3.4.5 Abundance In Sun
~0.0000004 %~-9999 %
1E-08
0.1
3.4.8 Abundance In Meteorites
3.5.4 Abundance In Earth's Crust
3.5.7 Abundance In Oceans
3.5.10 Abundance In Humans
4 Uses
4.1 Uses & Benefits
- It is used to include flints for cigarette lighters.
- Its compound Cerium (Ill) Oxide is used as a catalyst; it is put inside the walls of the oven as it prevents from the buildup of cooking residues.
- Tantalum metal is mainly used in the manufacturing of electron components. Its Oxide layer acts as an insulator.
- Tantalum metal is also used in surgical transplant like replacement of bone, skull plates and as a woven gauze.
5.1.1 Industrial Uses
Chemical Industry
Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry
5.1.2 Medical Uses
5.1.3 Other Uses
5.2 Biological Properties
5.2.1 Toxicity
Moderately Toxic
Low Toxic
5.2.2 Present in Human Body
5.2.3 In Blood
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3NA
0
1970
5.3.1 In Bone
2.70 p.p.m.0.03 p.p.m.
0
170000
6 Physical
6.1 Melting Point
795.00 °C2,996.00 °C
27
3410
6.3 Boiling Point
3,257.00 °C5,425.00 °C
147
5660
6.5 Appearance
6.5.1 Physical State
6.5.2 Color
6.5.3 Luster
6.6 Hardness
6.6.1 Mohs Hardness
6.7.3 Brinell Hardness
186.00 MPa440.00 MPa
0.14
3490
6.8.3 Vickers Hardness
210.00 MPa870.00 MPa
121
3430
6.9 Speed of Sound
2,100.00 m/s3,400.00 m/s
818
16200
6.10 Optical Properties
6.10.1 Refractive Index
6.10.3 Reflectivity
6.12 Allotropes
6.12.1 α Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
6.12.2 β Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
6.12.3 γ Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
7 Chemical
7.1 Chemical Formula
7.2 Isotopes
7.2.1 Known Isotopes
7.3 Electronegativity
7.3.1 Pauling Electronegativity
7.3.3 Sanderson Electronegativity
7.3.5 Allred Rochow Electronegativity
7.3.8 Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
7.3.10 Allen Electronegativity
7.5 Electropositivity
7.5.1 Pauling Electropositivity
7.7 Ionization Energies
7.7.1 1st Energy Level
534.40 kJ/mol761.00 kJ/mol
375.7
26130
8.1.1 2nd Energy Level
1,050.00 kJ/mol1,500.00 kJ/mol
710.2162
28750
8.1.2 3rd Energy Level
1,949.00 kJ/molNA
1600
34230
8.4.2 4th Energy Level
3,547.00 kJ/molNA
2780
37066
8.4.4 5th Energy Level
6,325.00 kJ/molNA
4305.2
97510
8.4.5 6th Energy Level
7,490.00 kJ/molNA
5715.8
105800
8.4.7 7th Energy level
8.4.8 8th Energy Level
8.5.2 9th Energy Level
8.5.4 10th Energy Level
8.5.6 11th Energy Level
8.6.1 12th Energy Level
8.7.1 13th Energy Level
8.9.1 14th Energy Level
8.10.1 15th Energy Level
8.10.2 16th Energy Level
8.12.1 17th Energy Level
9.1.2 18th Energy Level
9.1.4 19th Energy Level
9.1.5 20th Energy Level
9.2.1 21st Energy Level
9.3.1 22nd Energy Level
9.4.2 23rd Energy Level
9.4.3 24th Energy Level
9.4.5 25th Energy Level
9.5.2 26th Energy Level
9.5.3 27th Energy Level
9.5.5 28th Energy Level
9.5.6 29th Energy Level
9.5.8 30th Energy Level
9.6 Electrochemical Equivalent
1.74 g/amp-hr1.35 g/amp-hr
0.16812
8.3209
9.8 Electron Work Function
10.2 Other Chemical Properties
Chemical Stability, Anti Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility
Anti Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Radioactivity, Solubility
11 Atomic
11.1 Atomic Number
11.2 Electron Configuration
[Xe] 4f1 5d1 6s2
[Xe] 4f14 5d3 6s2
11.3 Crystal Structure
Double Hexagonal Close Packed (DHCP)
Body Centered Cubic (BCC)
11.3.1 Crystal Lattice
11.4 Atom
11.4.1 Number of Protons
11.5.3 Number of Neutrons
11.5.5 Number of Electrons
11.6 Radius of an Atom
11.6.1 Atomic Radius
181.80 pm146.00 pm
112
265
12.1.1 Covalent Radius
204.00 pm170.00 pm
96
260
12.1.2 Van der Waals Radius
235.00 pm200.00 pm
139
348
12.3 Atomic Weight
140.12 amu180.95 amu
6.94
294
12.5 Atomic Volume
20.67 cm3/mol10.90 cm3/mol
1.39
71.07
12.7 Adjacent Atomic Numbers
12.7.1 Previous Element
12.7.2 Next Element
12.8 Valence Electron Potential
41.78 (-eV)110.00 (-eV)
8
392.42
12.10 Lattice Constant
362.00 pm330.13 pm
228.58
891.25
12.12 Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3
π/2, π/2, π/2
12.13 Lattice C/A Ratio
13 Mechanical
13.1 Density
13.1.1 Density At Room Temperature
6.77 g/cm316.69 g/cm3
0.534
40.7
13.1.3 Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
6.55 g/cm315.00 g/cm3
0.512
20
13.2 Tensile Strength
13.4 Viscosity
13.5 Vapor Pressure
13.5.1 Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
13.5.2 Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
1.04 (Pa)0.00 (Pa)
2.62E-10
774
13.6 Elasticity properties
13.6.1 Shear Modulus
13.50 GPa69.00 GPa
1.3
222
13.6.2 Bulk Modulus
21.50 GPa200.00 GPa
1.6
462
13.6.3 Young's Modulus
33.60 GPa186.00 GPa
1.7
528
13.7 Poisson Ratio
13.8 Other Mechanical Properties
Ductile, Malleable
Ductile
14 Magnetic
14.1 Magnetic Characteristics
14.1.1 Specific Gravity
14.1.2 Magnetic Ordering
Paramagnetic
Paramagnetic
14.1.3 Permeability
14.1.4 Susceptibility
14.2 Electrical Properties
14.2.1 Electrical Property
14.2.2 Resistivity
828.00 nΩ·m131.00 nΩ·m
0.18
961
14.2.3 Electrical Conductivity
0.01 106/cm Ω0.08 106/cm Ω
0.00666
0.63
14.2.4 Electron Affinity
50.00 kJ/mol31.00 kJ/mol
0
222.8
15 Thermal
15.1 Specific Heat
0.19 J/(kg K)0.14 J/(kg K)
0.11
3.6
15.2 Molar Heat Capacity
26.94 J/mol·K25.36 J/mol·K
16.443
62.7
15.3 Thermal Conductivity
11.30 W/m·K57.50 W/m·K
6.3
429
15.4 Critical Temperature
15.5 Thermal Expansion
6.30 µm/(m·K)6.30 µm/(m·K)
4.5
97
15.6 Enthalpy
15.6.1 Enthalpy of Vaporization
414.00 kJ/mol753.10 kJ/mol
7.32
799.1
15.6.2 Enthalpy of Fusion
5.46 kJ/mol31.40 kJ/mol
2.1
35.23
15.6.3 Enthalpy of Atomization
381.00 kJ/mol782.00 kJ/mol
61.5
837
15.7 Standard Molar Entropy
72.00 J/mol.K41.50 J/mol.K
9.5
198.1