1 Periodic Table
1.1 Symbol
1.2 Group Number
1.3 Period Number
1.4 Block
1.5 Element Family
Lanthanide
Transition Metal
1.6 CAS Number
74404517440666
7429905
54386242
1.7 Space Group Name
1.8 Space Group Number
2 Facts
2.1 Interesting Facts
- Cerium is a rare earth metal but still it is not rare at all.
- It’s non-toxic compound Cerium sulfide has a rich red color and it is used as a pigment.
- Cerium metal is also used in Flat screen TVs, light bulb, floodlights, etc.
- Zinc metal found (obtain) in many forms like granules, foil, dust and in a powder form.
- The leading producers of Zinc metal are Australia, Canada, China, U.S.A and Peru.
2.2 Sources
Found in Minerals, Mining, Ores of Minerals
Earth's crust, Found in Minerals, Mining, Ores of Minerals
2.3 History
2.3.1 Who Discovered
Martin Heinrich Klaproth, Jöns Jakob Berzelius, Wilhelm Hisinger
Indian metallurgists
2.3.2 Discovery
2.4 Abundance
2.4.1 Abundance In Universe
1 * 10-6 %3 * 10-5 %
5E-09
0.11
2.4.3 Abundance In Sun
~0.0000004 %~0.0002 %
1E-08
0.1
2.4.5 Abundance In Meteorites
2.4.7 Abundance In Earth's Crust
2.4.10 Abundance In Oceans
2.4.13 Abundance In Humans
3 Uses
3.1 Uses & Benefits
- It is used to include flints for cigarette lighters.
- Its compound Cerium (Ill) Oxide is used as a catalyst; it is put inside the walls of the oven as it prevents from the buildup of cooking residues.
- It is mainly used for Galvanizing other metals.
- It is also used for manufacturing die-casting and it is very essential for automobile industry.
3.1.1 Industrial Uses
Chemical Industry
Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry
3.1.2 Medical Uses
Medical Research
Pharmaceutical Industry
3.1.4 Other Uses
3.2 Biological Properties
3.2.1 Toxicity
Moderately Toxic
Highly Toxic
3.2.2 Present in Human Body
3.2.3 In Blood
0.00 Blood/mg dm-37.00 Blood/mg dm-3
0
1970
3.2.5 In Bone
2.70 p.p.m.170.00 p.p.m.
0
170000
4 Physical
4.1 Melting Point
795.00 °C419.58 °C
27
3410
4.2 Boiling Point
3,257.00 °C907.00 °C
147
5660
4.3 Appearance
4.3.1 Physical State
4.3.2 Color
Silvery White
Silvery Gray
4.3.3 Luster
4.4 Hardness
4.4.1 Mohs Hardness
4.6.1 Brinell Hardness
186.00 MPa327.00 MPa
0.14
3490
5.1.1 Vickers Hardness
5.4 Speed of Sound
2,100.00 m/s3,850.00 m/s
818
16200
5.6 Optical Properties
5.6.1 Refractive Index
5.6.2 Reflectivity
5.7 Allotropes
5.7.1 α Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
5.7.2 β Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
5.7.3 γ Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
6 Chemical
6.1 Chemical Formula
6.2 Isotopes
6.2.1 Known Isotopes
6.4 Electronegativity
6.4.1 Pauling Electronegativity
6.4.3 Sanderson Electronegativity
6.5.1 Allred Rochow Electronegativity
6.6.1 Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
6.9.1 Allen Electronegativity
6.12 Electropositivity
6.12.1 Pauling Electropositivity
7.2 Ionization Energies
7.2.1 1st Energy Level
534.40 kJ/mol906.40 kJ/mol
375.7
26130
7.2.3 2nd Energy Level
1,050.00 kJ/mol1,733.30 kJ/mol
710.2162
28750
7.3.1 3rd Energy Level
1,949.00 kJ/mol3,833.00 kJ/mol
1600
34230
7.4.1 4th Energy Level
3,547.00 kJ/mol5,731.00 kJ/mol
2780
37066
7.5.2 5th Energy Level
6,325.00 kJ/mol7,970.00 kJ/mol
4305.2
97510
7.5.4 6th Energy Level
7,490.00 kJ/mol10,400.00 kJ/mol
5715.8
105800
7.6.2 7th Energy level
NA12,900.00 kJ/mol
7226.8
114300
7.6.4 8th Energy Level
NA16,800.00 kJ/mol
8857.4
125300
7.6.5 9th Energy Level
NA19,600.00 kJ/mol
14110
134700
7.6.7 10th Energy Level
NA23,000.00 kJ/mol
17100
144300
7.7.1 11th Energy Level
NA26,400.00 kJ/mol
19900
169988
8.1.2 12th Energy Level
NA29,990.00 kJ/mol
22219
189368
8.1.5 13th Energy Level
NA40,490.00 kJ/mol
26930
76015
8.1.7 14th Energy Level
NA43,800.00 kJ/mol
29196
86450
8.2.3 15th Energy Level
NA47,300.00 kJ/mol
41987
97510
8.2.5 16th Energy Level
NA52,300.00 kJ/mol
47206
109480
8.2.7 17th Energy Level
NA55,900.00 kJ/mol
52737
122200
8.2.8 18th Energy Level
NA59,700.00 kJ/mol
58570
134810
9.1.1 19th Energy Level
NA67,300.00 kJ/mol
64702
148700
9.2.1 20th Energy Level
NA171,200.00 kJ/mol
80400
171200
9.2.2 21st Energy Level
NA179,100.00 kJ/mol
87000
179100
9.3.1 22nd Energy Level
9.3.2 23rd Energy Level
9.4.1 24th Energy Level
9.4.2 25th Energy Level
9.5.1 26th Energy Level
9.6.2 27th Energy Level
9.6.3 28th Energy Level
9.6.5 29th Energy Level
9.6.6 30th Energy Level
9.7 Electrochemical Equivalent
1.74 g/amp-hr1.22 g/amp-hr
0.16812
8.3209
9.9 Electron Work Function
9.10 Other Chemical Properties
Chemical Stability, Anti Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility
Anti Corrosion, Chemical Stability, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes
10 Atomic
10.1 Atomic Number
10.2 Electron Configuration
[Xe] 4f1 5d1 6s2
[Ar] 3d10 4s2
10.3 Crystal Structure
Double Hexagonal Close Packed (DHCP)
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)
10.3.1 Crystal Lattice
10.4 Atom
10.4.1 Number of Protons
10.4.2 Number of Neutrons
10.4.3 Number of Electrons
10.5 Radius of an Atom
10.5.1 Atomic Radius
181.80 pm134.00 pm
112
265
10.5.2 Covalent Radius
204.00 pm122.00 pm
96
260
10.5.3 Van der Waals Radius
235.00 pm139.00 pm
139
348
10.6 Atomic Weight
140.12 amu65.38 amu
6.94
294
10.7 Atomic Volume
20.67 cm3/mol9.20 cm3/mol
1.39
71.07
10.8 Adjacent Atomic Numbers
10.8.1 Previous Element
10.8.2 Next Element
10.9 Valence Electron Potential
41.78 (-eV)38.90 (-eV)
8
392.42
10.10 Lattice Constant
362.00 pm266.49 pm
228.58
891.25
10.11 Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3
10.12 Lattice C/A Ratio
11 Mechanical
11.1 Density
11.1.1 Density At Room Temperature
6.77 g/cm37.14 g/cm3
0.534
40.7
11.1.2 Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
6.55 g/cm36.57 g/cm3
0.512
20
11.2 Tensile Strength
11.3 Viscosity
11.4 Vapor Pressure
11.4.1 Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
11.4.2 Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
11.5 Elasticity properties
11.5.1 Shear Modulus
13.50 GPa43.00 GPa
1.3
222
11.5.2 Bulk Modulus
21.50 GPa70.00 GPa
1.6
462
11.5.3 Young's Modulus
33.60 GPa108.00 GPa
1.7
528
11.6 Poisson Ratio
11.7 Other Mechanical Properties
12 Magnetic
12.1 Magnetic Characteristics
12.1.1 Specific Gravity
12.1.2 Magnetic Ordering
12.1.3 Permeability
12.1.4 Susceptibility
12.2 Electrical Properties
12.2.1 Electrical Property
12.2.2 Resistivity
828.00 nΩ·m59.00 nΩ·m
0.18
961
12.2.3 Electrical Conductivity
0.01 106/cm Ω0.17 106/cm Ω
0.00666
0.63
12.2.4 Electron Affinity
50.00 kJ/mol0.00 kJ/mol
0
222.8
13 Thermal
13.1 Specific Heat
0.19 J/(kg K)0.39 J/(kg K)
0.11
3.6
13.2 Molar Heat Capacity
26.94 J/mol·K25.47 J/mol·K
16.443
62.7
13.3 Thermal Conductivity
11.30 W/m·K116.00 W/m·K
6.3
429
13.4 Critical Temperature
13.5 Thermal Expansion
6.30 µm/(m·K)30.20 µm/(m·K)
4.5
97
13.6 Enthalpy
13.6.1 Enthalpy of Vaporization
414.00 kJ/mol7.32 kJ/mol
7.32
799.1
13.6.2 Enthalpy of Fusion
5.46 kJ/mol7.32 kJ/mol
2.1
35.23
13.6.3 Enthalpy of Atomization
381.00 kJ/mol129.70 kJ/mol
61.5
837
13.7 Standard Molar Entropy
72.00 J/mol.K41.60 J/mol.K
9.5
198.1