1 Periodic Table
1.1 Symbol
1.2 Group Number
1.5 Period Number
1.8 Block
1.9 Element Family
Transition Metal
Lanthanide
1.10 CAS Number
74404737440451
7429905
54386242
1.12 Space Group Name
1.13 Space Group Number
2 Facts
2.1 Interesting Facts
- Chromium is highly reactive, hence it is not found free in nature.
- Ores of Chromites mineral are the major source of Chromium metal.
- Almost 90% leather tanning is done with the help of chromium.
- Cerium is a rare earth metal but still it is not rare at all.
- It’s non-toxic compound Cerium sulfide has a rich red color and it is used as a pigment.
- Cerium metal is also used in Flat screen TVs, light bulb, floodlights, etc.
2.2 Sources
Found in Minerals, Mining, Ores of metals, Ores of Minerals
Found in Minerals, Mining, Ores of Minerals
2.3 History
2.3.1 Who Discovered
Louis Nicolas Vauquelin
Martin Heinrich Klaproth, Jöns Jakob Berzelius, Wilhelm Hisinger
2.3.2 Discovery
In Between 1797 - 1798
In 1803
2.4 Abundance
2.4.1 Abundance In Universe
1.5 * 10-3 %1 * 10-6 %
5E-09
0.11
2.6.1 Abundance In Sun
~0.002 %~0.0000004 %
1E-08
0.1
2.9.1 Abundance In Meteorites
2.10.1 Abundance In Earth's Crust
3.4.1 Abundance In Oceans
4.2.2 Abundance In Humans
5 Uses
5.1 Uses & Benefits
- It is used to harden the steel and produces a stainless steel and other various alloys.
- It is also used to give proper finish to polished mirrors. Its chromium plates are used in bathroom fittings.
- It is used to include flints for cigarette lighters.
- Its compound Cerium (Ill) Oxide is used as a catalyst; it is put inside the walls of the oven as it prevents from the buildup of cooking residues.
5.1.1 Industrial Uses
Automobile Industry, Chemical Industry
Chemical Industry
5.1.2 Medical Uses
5.1.3 Other Uses
5.2 Biological Properties
5.2.1 Toxicity
Highly Toxic
Moderately Toxic
5.2.2 Present in Human Body
5.2.3 In Blood
0.11 Blood/mg dm-30.00 Blood/mg dm-3
0
1970
5.3.2 In Bone
0.33 p.p.m.2.70 p.p.m.
0
170000
6 Physical
6.1 Melting Point
1,857.00 °C795.00 °C
27
3410
6.3 Boiling Point
2,672.00 °C3,257.00 °C
147
5660
6.5 Appearance
6.5.1 Physical State
6.6.2 Color
6.6.3 Luster
6.7 Hardness
6.7.1 Mohs Hardness
6.8.2 Brinell Hardness
687.00 MPa186.00 MPa
0.14
3490
6.8.5 Vickers Hardness
1,060.00 MPa210.00 MPa
121
3430
7.2 Speed of Sound
5,940.00 m/s2,100.00 m/s
818
16200
7.4 Optical Properties
7.4.1 Refractive Index
7.4.4 Reflectivity
7.5 Allotropes
7.5.2 α Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
7.5.3 β Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
7.5.4 γ Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
8 Chemical
8.1 Chemical Formula
8.2 Isotopes
8.2.1 Known Isotopes
9.2 Electronegativity
9.2.1 Pauling Electronegativity
1.3.2 Sanderson Electronegativity
1.4.2 Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.6.2 Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
1.7.4 Allen Electronegativity
1.8 Electropositivity
1.8.1 Pauling Electropositivity
1.9 Ionization Energies
1.9.1 1st Energy Level
26,130.00 kJ/mol534.40 kJ/mol
375.7
26130
1.10.4 2nd Energy Level
28,750.00 kJ/mol1,050.00 kJ/mol
710.2162
28750
1.10.7 3rd Energy Level
34,230.00 kJ/mol1,949.00 kJ/mol
1600
34230
1.10.10 4th Energy Level
37,066.00 kJ/mol3,547.00 kJ/mol
2780
37066
1.11.2 5th Energy Level
97,510.00 kJ/mol6,325.00 kJ/mol
4305.2
97510
1.11.5 6th Energy Level
105,800.00 kJ/mol7,490.00 kJ/mol
5715.8
105800
1.12.3 7th Energy level
114,300.00 kJ/molNA
7226.8
114300
1.13.2 8th Energy Level
125,300.00 kJ/molNA
8857.4
125300
1.13.3 9th Energy Level
134,700.00 kJ/molNA
14110
134700
1.15.1 10th Energy Level
144,300.00 kJ/molNA
17100
144300
2.3.1 11th Energy Level
26,130.00 kJ/molNA
19900
169988
2.4.4 12th Energy Level
28,750.00 kJ/molNA
22219
189368
2.4.7 13th Energy Level
34,230.00 kJ/molNA
26930
76015
2.5.4 14th Energy Level
37,066.00 kJ/molNA
29196
86450
2.6.1 15th Energy Level
97,510.00 kJ/molNA
41987
97510
2.7.2 16th Energy Level
105,800.00 kJ/molNA
47206
109480
2.9.2 17th Energy Level
114,300.00 kJ/molNA
52737
122200
2.12.2 18th Energy Level
125,300.00 kJ/molNA
58570
134810
3.1.2 19th Energy Level
134,700.00 kJ/molNA
64702
148700
3.2.1 20th Energy Level
144,300.00 kJ/molNA
80400
171200
3.3.1 21st Energy Level
157,700.00 kJ/molNA
87000
179100
3.4.2 22nd Energy Level
166,090.00 kJ/molNA
93400
184900
3.5.3 23rd Energy Level
3.5.5 24th Energy Level
3.5.8 25th Energy Level
3.6.1 26th Energy Level
4.1.2 27th Energy Level
4.1.5 28th Energy Level
4.2.3 29th Energy Level
4.2.6 30th Energy Level
4.3 Electrochemical Equivalent
0.32 g/amp-hr1.74 g/amp-hr
0.16812
8.3209
5.3 Electron Work Function
5.5 Other Chemical Properties
Anti Corrosion, Chemical Stability, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility
Chemical Stability, Anti Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility
6 Atomic
6.1 Atomic Number
6.4 Electron Configuration
[Ar] 3d5 4s1
[Xe] 4f1 5d1 6s2
6.5 Crystal Structure
Body Centered Cubic (BCC)
Double Hexagonal Close Packed (DHCP)
6.5.1 Crystal Lattice
6.6 Atom
6.6.1 Number of Protons
6.7.4 Number of Neutrons
6.8.2 Number of Electrons
6.9 Radius of an Atom
6.9.1 Atomic Radius
128.00 pm181.80 pm
112
265
6.9.3 Covalent Radius
139.00 pm204.00 pm
96
260
6.9.5 Van der Waals Radius
200.00 pm235.00 pm
139
348
6.10 Atomic Weight
52.00 amu140.12 amu
6.94
294
6.13 Atomic Volume
7.23 cm3/mol20.67 cm3/mol
1.39
71.07
6.15 Adjacent Atomic Numbers
6.15.1 Previous Element
6.15.2 Next Element
6.16 Valence Electron Potential
170.00 (-eV)41.78 (-eV)
8
392.42
6.17 Lattice Constant
291.00 pm362.00 pm
228.58
891.25
6.18 Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, π/2
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3
6.19 Lattice C/A Ratio
7 Mechanical
7.1 Density
7.1.1 Density At Room Temperature
7.19 g/cm36.77 g/cm3
0.534
40.7
7.1.2 Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
6.30 g/cm36.55 g/cm3
0.512
20
7.2 Tensile Strength
7.3 Viscosity
7.4 Vapor Pressure
7.4.1 Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
0.00 (Pa)0.00 (Pa)
2.47E-11
121
7.4.2 Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
774.00 (Pa)1.04 (Pa)
2.62E-10
774
7.5 Elasticity properties
7.5.1 Shear Modulus
115.00 GPa13.50 GPa
1.3
222
7.5.2 Bulk Modulus
160.00 GPa21.50 GPa
1.6
462
7.5.3 Young's Modulus
279.00 GPa33.60 GPa
1.7
528
7.6 Poisson Ratio
7.7 Other Mechanical Properties
8 Magnetic
8.1 Magnetic Characteristics
8.1.1 Specific Gravity
8.1.2 Magnetic Ordering
Antiferromagnetic
Paramagnetic
8.1.3 Permeability
8.1.4 Susceptibility
8.2 Electrical Properties
8.2.1 Electrical Property
8.2.2 Resistivity
125.00 nΩ·m828.00 nΩ·m
0.18
961
8.2.3 Electrical Conductivity
0.08 106/cm Ω0.01 106/cm Ω
0.00666
0.63
8.2.4 Electron Affinity
64.30 kJ/mol50.00 kJ/mol
0
222.8
9 Thermal
9.1 Specific Heat
0.45 J/(kg K)0.19 J/(kg K)
0.11
3.6
9.2 Molar Heat Capacity
23.35 J/mol·K26.94 J/mol·K
16.443
62.7
9.3 Thermal Conductivity
93.90 W/m·K11.30 W/m·K
6.3
429
9.4 Critical Temperature
9.5 Thermal Expansion
4.90 µm/(m·K)6.30 µm/(m·K)
4.5
97
9.6 Enthalpy
9.6.1 Enthalpy of Vaporization
348.80 kJ/mol414.00 kJ/mol
7.32
799.1
9.6.2 Enthalpy of Fusion
15.31 kJ/mol5.46 kJ/mol
2.1
35.23
9.6.3 Enthalpy of Atomization
397.50 kJ/mol381.00 kJ/mol
61.5
837
9.7 Standard Molar Entropy
23.80 J/mol.K72.00 J/mol.K
9.5
198.1