Symbol
Cr
  
In
  
Period Number
4
  
5
  
Block
d block
  
p block
  
Element Family
Transition Metal
  
Post-Transition
  
Space Group Name
Im_ 3m
  
I4/mmm
  
Interesting Facts
- Chromium is highly reactive, hence it is not found free in nature.
- Ores of Chromites mineral are the major source of Chromium metal.
- Almost 90% leather tanning is done with the help of chromium.
  
- Luster of Indium is bright in nature.
- Reich and richer were looking for thallium in zinc metal and they discovered Indium metal.
  
Sources
Found in Minerals, Mining, Ores of metals, Ores of Minerals
  
Mining, Ores of metals
  
History
  
  
Who Discovered
Louis Nicolas Vauquelin
  
Ferdinand Reich and Hieronymous Theodor Richter
  
Discovery
In Between 1797 - 1798
  
In 1863
  
Abundance
  
  
Abundance In Universe
1.5 * 10-3 %
  
7
Abundance In Sun
~0.0000004 %
  
23
Abundance In Earth's Crust
Abundance In Humans
Not Available
  
Uses & Benefits
- It is used to harden the steel and produces a stainless steel and other various alloys.
- It is also used to give proper finish to polished mirrors. Its chromium plates are used in bathroom fittings.
  
- It is used to produce indium tin oxide (ITO), it is used in manufacturing touch screens, flat screen TVs and solar panels.
- Its nitride, phosphide and antimonide are used in transistors and microchips.
  
Industrial Uses
Automobile Industry, Chemical Industry
  
Aerospace Industry, Automobile Industry
  
Medical Uses
NA
  
Medical Research
  
Other Uses
Alloys
  
Alloys, In Nuclear Reactors
  
Biological Properties
  
  
Toxicity
Highly Toxic
  
Non Toxic
  
Present in Human Body
Yes
  
Yes
  
In Blood
0.11 Blood/mg dm-3
  
12
Not Available
  
In Bone
0.33 p.p.m.
  
21
Not Available
  
Melting Point
1,857.00 °C
  
14
Boiling Point
2,672.00 °C
  
39
2,000.00 °C
  
99+
Appearance
  
  
Physical State
Solid
  
Solid
  
Color
Silver
  
Silvery Gray
  
Luster
Metallic
  
Lustrous
  
Hardness
  
  
Vickers Hardness
1,060.00 MPa
  
10
Not Available
  
Speed of Sound
5,940.00 m/s
  
5
1,215.00 m/s
  
99+
Optical Properties
  
  
Allotropes
No
  
No
  
α Allotropes
Not Available
  
Not Available
  
β Allotropes
Not Available
  
Not Available
  
γ Allotropes
Not Available
  
Not Available
  
Chemical Formula
Cr
  
In
  
Isotopes
  
  
Electronegativity
  
  
Pauling Electronegativity
Sanderson Electronegativity
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
Not Available
  
Electropositivity
  
  
Pauling Electropositivity
Ionization Energies
  
  
1st Energy Level
26,130.00 kJ/mol
  
1
558.30 kJ/mol
  
99+
2nd Energy Level
28,750.00 kJ/mol
  
1
1,820.70 kJ/mol
  
18
3rd Energy Level
34,230.00 kJ/mol
  
1
2,704.00 kJ/mol
  
39
4th Energy Level
37,066.00 kJ/mol
  
1
5,210.00 kJ/mol
  
17
5th Energy Level
97,510.00 kJ/mol
  
1
Not Available
  
6th Energy Level
105,800.00 kJ/mol
  
1
Not Available
  
7th Energy level
114,300.00 kJ/mol
  
1
Not Available
  
8th Energy Level
125,300.00 kJ/mol
  
1
Not Available
  
9th Energy Level
134,700.00 kJ/mol
  
1
Not Available
  
10th Energy Level
144,300.00 kJ/mol
  
1
Not Available
  
11th Energy Level
26,130.00 kJ/mol
  
12
Not Available
  
12th Energy Level
28,750.00 kJ/mol
  
13
Not Available
  
13th Energy Level
34,230.00 kJ/mol
  
10
Not Available
  
14th Energy Level
37,066.00 kJ/mol
  
12
Not Available
  
15th Energy Level
97,510.00 kJ/mol
  
1
Not Available
  
16th Energy Level
105,800.00 kJ/mol
  
2
Not Available
  
17th Energy Level
114,300.00 kJ/mol
  
3
Not Available
  
18th Energy Level
125,300.00 kJ/mol
  
4
Not Available
  
19th Energy Level
134,700.00 kJ/mol
  
5
Not Available
  
20th Energy Level
144,300.00 kJ/mol
  
7
Not Available
  
21st Energy Level
157,700.00 kJ/mol
  
7
Not Available
  
22nd Energy Level
166,090.00 kJ/mol
  
6
Not Available
  
Electrochemical Equivalent
0.32 g/amp-hr
  
99+
1.43 g/amp-hr
  
99+
Other Chemical Properties
Anti Corrosion, Chemical Stability, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility
  
Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Radioactivity, Solubility
  
Electron Configuration
[Ar] 3d5 4s1
  
[Kr] 4d10 5s2 5p1
  
Crystal Structure
Body Centered Cubic (BCC)
  
Tetragonal (TETR)
  
Crystal Lattice
BCC-Crystal-Structure-.jpg#100
  
TETR-Crystal-Structure-of-Indium.jpg#100
  
Atom
  
  
Radius of an Atom
  
  
Atomic Weight
114.82 amu
  
99+
Atomic Volume
7.23 cm3/mol
  
99+
15.70 cm3/mol
  
33
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
  
  
Valence Electron Potential
170.00 (-eV)
  
4
54.00 (-eV)
  
25
Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, π/2
  
π/2, π/2, π/2
  
Lattice C/A Ratio
Not Available
  
Not Available
  
Density
  
  
Density At Room Temperature
7.19 g/cm3
  
99+
7.31 g/cm3
  
99+
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
Viscosity
Not Available
  
Not Available
  
Vapor Pressure
  
  
Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
Not Available
  
Elasticity properties
  
  
Shear Modulus
Not Available
  
Bulk Modulus
Not Available
  
Poisson Ratio
Not Available
  
Other Mechanical Properties
NA
  
Ductile, Malleable
  
Magnetic Characteristics
  
  
Magnetic Ordering
Antiferromagnetic
  
Diamagnetic
  
Electrical Properties
  
  
Electrical Property
NA
  
Conductor
  
Resistivity
125.00 nΩ·m
  
27
Electrical Conductivity
0.08 106/cm Ω
  
25
0.12 106/cm Ω
  
17
Electron Affinity
64.30 kJ/mol
  
15
28.90 kJ/mol
  
31
Specific Heat
0.45 J/(kg K)
  
12
0.23 J/(kg K)
  
27
Molar Heat Capacity
23.35 J/mol·K
  
99+
26.74 J/mol·K
  
25
Thermal Conductivity
93.90 W/m·K
  
17
81.80 W/m·K
  
21
Critical Temperature
Not Available
  
Not Available
  
Thermal Expansion
4.90 µm/(m·K)
  
99+
32.10 µm/(m·K)
  
9
Enthalpy
  
  
Enthalpy of Vaporization
348.80 kJ/mol
  
24
226.40 kJ/mol
  
40
Enthalpy of Fusion
15.31 kJ/mol
  
20
3.28 kJ/mol
  
99+
Enthalpy of Atomization
397.50 kJ/mol
  
21
242.70 kJ/mol
  
99+
Standard Molar Entropy
23.80 J/mol.K
  
99+
57.80 J/mol.K
  
22