Periodic Table
Symbol
Cr
Sc
Group Number
63
0
17
👆🏻
Period Number
44
2
7
👆🏻
Block
d block
d block
Element Family
Transition Metal
Transition Metal
CAS Number
74404737440202
7429905
54386242
👆🏻
Space Group Name
Im_ 3m
P63/mmc
Space Group Number
229.00194.00
11
229
👆🏻
Facts
Interesting Facts
- Chromium is highly reactive, hence it is not found free in nature.
- Ores of Chromites mineral are the major source of Chromium metal.
- Almost 90% leather tanning is done with the help of chromium.
- Scandium is known as one of the rare earth elements.
- Scandium metal found in rare minerals called Wolframite .
Sources
Found in Minerals, Mining, Ores of metals, Ores of Minerals
Found in Minerals, Mining, Ores of metals, Ores of Minerals
History
Who Discovered
Louis Nicolas Vauquelin
Lars Fredrik Nilson
Discovery
In Between 1797 - 1798
In 1879
Abundance
Abundance In Universe
0.00 %0.00 %
5E-09
0.11
👆🏻
Abundance In Sun
0.00 %0.00 %
1E-08
0.1
👆🏻
Abundance In Meteorites
0.30 %0.00 %
1.7E-07
22
👆🏻
Abundance In Earth's Crust
0.01 %0.00 %
9.9E-12
8.1
👆🏻
Abundance In Oceans
0.00 %0.00 %
2E-23
1.1
👆🏻
Abundance In Humans
0.00 %NA
1E-13
1.4
👆🏻
Uses
Uses & Benefits
- It is used to harden the steel and produces a stainless steel and other various alloys.
- It is also used to give proper finish to polished mirrors. Its chromium plates are used in bathroom fittings.
- Uses of Scandium are limited to research purpose only. However, it has very low density and higher melting point.
-
Its compounds like scandium iodide is used in mercury vapor lamps to produce very bright white light.
Industrial Uses
Automobile Industry, Chemical Industry
Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry
Medical Uses
NA
NA
Other Uses
Alloys
Alloys
Biological Properties
Toxicity
Highly Toxic
Non Toxic
Present in Human Body
✔
✘
✔
✘
In Blood
0.11 Blood/mg dm-30.01 Blood/mg dm-3
0
1970
👆🏻
In Bone
0.33 p.p.m.0.00 p.p.m.
0
170000
👆🏻
Physical
Melting Point
1,857.00 °C1,539.00 °C
27
3410
👆🏻
Boiling Point
2,672.00 °C2,832.00 °C
147
5660
👆🏻
Appearance
Physical State
Solid
Solid
Color
Silver
Silvery White
Luster
Metallic
Lustrous
Hardness
Mohs Hardness
8.50NA
0.2
8.5
👆🏻
Brinell Hardness
687.00 MPa750.00 MPa
0.14
3490
👆🏻
Vickers Hardness
1,060.00 MPaNA
121
3430
👆🏻
Speed of Sound
5,940.00 m/sNA
818
16200
👆🏻
Optical Properties
Refractive Index
NANA
1.000933
1.7229
👆🏻
Reflectivity
NANA
58
97
👆🏻
Allotropes
✔
✘
✔
✘
α Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
β Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
γ Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
Chemical
Chemical Formula
Cr
Sc
Isotopes
Known Isotopes
2113
0
38
👆🏻
Electronegativity
Pauling Electronegativity
1.661.36
0.7
2.54
👆🏻
Sanderson Electronegativity
1.661.02
0.22
2.56
👆🏻
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.561.20
0.86
1.82
👆🏻
Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
NANA
0.62
2.48
👆🏻
Allen Electronegativity
1.651.19
0.659
2.7
👆🏻
Electropositivity
Pauling Electropositivity
2.342.64
1.46
3.3
👆🏻
Ionization Energies
1st Energy Level
26,130.00 kJ/mol633.10 kJ/mol
375.7
26130
👆🏻
2nd Energy Level
28,750.00 kJ/mol1,235.00 kJ/mol
710.2162
28750
👆🏻
3rd Energy Level
34,230.00 kJ/mol2,388.60 kJ/mol
1600
34230
👆🏻
4th Energy Level
37,066.00 kJ/mol7,090.60 kJ/mol
2780
37066
👆🏻
5th Energy Level
97,510.00 kJ/mol8,843.00 kJ/mol
4305.2
97510
👆🏻
6th Energy Level
105,800.00 kJ/mol10,679.00 kJ/mol
5715.8
105800
👆🏻
7th Energy level
114,300.00 kJ/mol13,310.00 kJ/mol
7226.8
114300
👆🏻
8th Energy Level
125,300.00 kJ/mol15,250.00 kJ/mol
8857.4
125300
👆🏻
9th Energy Level
134,700.00 kJ/mol17,370.00 kJ/mol
14110
134700
👆🏻
10th Energy Level
144,300.00 kJ/mol21,726.00 kJ/mol
17100
144300
👆🏻
11th Energy Level
26,130.00 kJ/mol24,102.00 kJ/mol
19900
169988
👆🏻
12th Energy Level
28,750.00 kJ/mol66,320.00 kJ/mol
22219
189368
👆🏻
13th Energy Level
34,230.00 kJ/mol73,010.00 kJ/mol
26930
76015
👆🏻
14th Energy Level
37,066.00 kJ/mol80,160.00 kJ/mol
29196
86450
👆🏻
15th Energy Level
97,510.00 kJ/mol89,490.00 kJ/mol
41987
97510
👆🏻
16th Energy Level
105,800.00 kJ/mol97,400.00 kJ/mol
47206
109480
👆🏻
17th Energy Level
114,300.00 kJ/mol105,600.00 kJ/mol
52737
122200
👆🏻
18th Energy Level
125,300.00 kJ/mol117,000.00 kJ/mol
58570
134810
👆🏻
19th Energy Level
134,700.00 kJ/mol124,270.00 kJ/mol
64702
148700
👆🏻
20th Energy Level
144,300.00 kJ/molNA
80400
171200
👆🏻
21st Energy Level
157,700.00 kJ/molNA
87000
179100
👆🏻
22nd Energy Level
166,090.00 kJ/molNA
93400
184900
👆🏻
23rd Energy Level
NANA
98420
198800
👆🏻
24th Energy Level
NANA
104400
195200
👆🏻
25th Energy Level
NANA
121900
121900
👆🏻
26th Energy Level
NANA
127700
127700
👆🏻
27th Energy Level
NANA
133800
133800
👆🏻
28th Energy Level
NANA
139800
139800
👆🏻
29th Energy Level
NANA
148100
148100
👆🏻
30th Energy Level
NANA
154500
154500
👆🏻
Electrochemical Equivalent
0.32 g/amp-hr0.56 g/amp-hr
0.16812
8.3209
👆🏻
Electron Work Function
4.50 eV3.50 eV
2.14
5.65
👆🏻
Other Chemical Properties
Anti Corrosion, Chemical Stability, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility
Corrosion, Flammable, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility
Atomic
Atomic Number
2421
3
117
👆🏻
Electron Configuration
[Ar] 3d5 4s1
[Ar] 3d1 4s2
Crystal Structure
Body Centered Cubic (BCC)
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)
Crystal Lattice
Atom
Number of Protons
2421
3
117
👆🏻
Number of Neutrons
2824
4
184
👆🏻
Number of Electrons
2421
3
117
👆🏻
Radius of an Atom
Atomic Radius
128.00 pm162.00 pm
112
265
👆🏻
Covalent Radius
139.00 pm170.00 pm
96
260
👆🏻
Van der Waals Radius
200.00 pm211.00 pm
139
348
👆🏻
Atomic Weight
52.00 amu44.96 amu
6.94
294
👆🏻
Atomic Volume
7.23 cm3/mol15.00 cm3/mol
1.39
71.07
👆🏻
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
Previous Element
Next Element
Valence Electron Potential
170.00 (-eV)58.00 (-eV)
8
392.42
👆🏻
Lattice Constant
291.00 pm330.90 pm
228.58
891.25
👆🏻
Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, π/2
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3
Lattice C/A Ratio
NA1.59
1.567
1.886
👆🏻
Mechanical
Density
Density At Room Temperature
7.19 g/cm32.99 g/cm3
0.534
40.7
👆🏻
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
6.30 g/cm32.80 g/cm3
0.512
20
👆🏻
Tensile Strength
689.00 MPaNA
2.5
11000
👆🏻
Viscosity
NANA
0.001526
0.001526
👆🏻
Vapor Pressure
Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
0.00 (Pa)0.00 (Pa)
2.47E-11
121
👆🏻
Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
774.00 (Pa)91.30 (Pa)
2.62E-10
774
👆🏻
Elasticity properties
Shear Modulus
115.00 GPa29.10 GPa
1.3
222
👆🏻
Bulk Modulus
160.00 GPa56.60 GPa
1.6
462
👆🏻
Young's Modulus
279.00 GPa74.40 GPa
1.7
528
👆🏻
Poisson Ratio
0.210.28
0.032
0.47
👆🏻
Other Mechanical Properties
NA
NA
Magnetic
Magnetic Characteristics
Specific Gravity
7.192.99
0.53
4500
👆🏻
Magnetic Ordering
Antiferromagnetic
Paramagnetic
Permeability
NANA
1.25643E-06
0.0063
👆🏻
Susceptibility
NANA
-0.000166
200000
👆🏻
Electrical Properties
Electrical Property
NA
Conductor
Resistivity
125.00 nΩ·m562.00 nΩ·m
0.18
961
👆🏻
Electrical Conductivity
0.08 106/cm Ω0.02 106/cm Ω
0.00666
0.63
👆🏻
Electron Affinity
64.30 kJ/mol18.10 kJ/mol
0
222.8
👆🏻
Thermal
Specific Heat
0.45 J/(kg K)0.60 J/(kg K)
0.11
3.6
👆🏻
Molar Heat Capacity
23.35 J/mol·K25.52 J/mol·K
16.443
62.7
👆🏻
Thermal Conductivity
93.90 W/m·K15.80 W/m·K
6.3
429
👆🏻
Critical Temperature
NANA
26.3
3223
👆🏻
Thermal Expansion
4.90 µm/(m·K)10.20 µm/(m·K)
4.5
97
👆🏻
Enthalpy
Enthalpy of Vaporization
348.80 kJ/mol314.20 kJ/mol
7.32
799.1
👆🏻
Enthalpy of Fusion
15.31 kJ/mol14.10 kJ/mol
2.1
35.23
👆🏻
Enthalpy of Atomization
397.50 kJ/mol343.00 kJ/mol
61.5
837
👆🏻
Standard Molar Entropy
23.80 J/mol.K34.60 J/mol.K
9.5
198.1
👆🏻