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Dubnium vs Thorium

Dubnium
Thorium
Thorium vs Dubnium


Periodic Table
Symbol
Db  
Th  
Group Number
5  
13
0  
18
Period Number
7  
7  
Block
d block  
f block  
Element Family
Transition Metal  
Actinide  
CAS Number
53850354  
14
7440326  
99+
Space Group Name
-  
P63/mmc  
Space Group Number
166.00  
9
194.00  
7
Facts
Interesting Facts
  • IUPAC allotted a temporary name to Dubnium metal as “ Unnilpentium”.
  • In the production of Dubnium, thermal gradient chromatography is used.
  
  • Thorium metal is used as an alternate option over Uranium for nuclear fuel.
  • Thorium metals appearance (silvery white, soft) is somewhat similar to Lead metal.
  
Sources
Produced by Bombarding Am243 with Ne22, Synthetically Produced  
Found in Minerals, Mining  
History
  
  
Who Discovered
Joint Institute for Nuclear Research  
Jöns Jakob Berzelius  
Discovery
In 1968  
In 1829  
Abundance
  
  
Abundance In Universe
0.00 %  
40
0.00 %  
10
Abundance In Sun
-  
0.00 %  
9
Abundance In Meteorites
0.00 %  
99+
0.05 %  
11
Abundance In Earth's Crust
-  
0.66 %  
7
Abundance In Oceans
-  
0.00 %  
15
Abundance In Humans
-  
0.00 %  
24
Uses
Uses & Benefits
  • Currently known uses of Dubnium metal are limited to research purpose only.
  
  • Thorium metal is used as an allying agent for Magnesium, It imparts greater strength and resistance to temperature.
  • compound of this metal Thorium oxide is used as an industrial catalyst.
  
Industrial Uses
-  
Aerospace Industry, Automobile Industry, Chemical Industry, Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry  
Medical Uses
-  
Dentistry, Surgical Instruments Manufacturing  
Other Uses
Research Purposes  
Alloys, Jewellery, Sculptures, Statues  
Biological Properties
  
  
Toxicity
-  
Non Toxic  
Present in Human Body
No  
Yes  
In Blood
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3  
40
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3  
36
In Bone
0.00 p.p.m.  
99+
0.02 p.p.m.  
34
Physical
Melting Point
-  
1,750.00 °C  
17
Boiling Point
0.00 °C  
99+
4,790.00 °C  
8
Appearance
  
  
Physical State
Solid  
Solid  
Color
-  
Silver  
Luster
Unknown Luster  
-  
Hardness
  
  
Mohs Hardness
6.00  
6
3.00  
13
Brinell Hardness
330.00 MPa  
38
390.00 MPa  
35
Vickers Hardness
400.00 MPa  
99+
295.00 MPa  
99+
Speed of Sound
2,680.00 m/s  
99+
2,490.00 m/s  
99+
Optical Properties
  
  
Refractive Index
1.20  
99+
1.60  
33
Reflectivity
55.00 %  
27
15.00 %  
36
Allotropes
No  
No  
α Allotropes
-  
-  
β Allotropes
-  
-  
γ Allotropes
-  
-  
Chemical
Chemical Formula
Db  
Th  
Isotopes
  
  
Known Isotopes
10  
28
28  
11
Electronegativity
  
  
Pauling Electronegativity
2.20  
5
1.30  
33
Sanderson Electronegativity
1.30  
25
1.30  
25
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.30  
25
1.11  
30
Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
1.10  
99+
1.30  
33
Allen Electronegativity
1.30  
40
1.30  
40
Electropositivity
  
  
Pauling Electropositivity
2.00  
99+
2.70  
22
Ionization Energies
  
  
1st Energy Level
664.80 kJ/mol  
38
587.00 kJ/mol  
99+
2nd Energy Level
1,546.70 kJ/mol  
39
1,110.00 kJ/mol  
99+
3rd Energy Level
2,378.40 kJ/mol  
99+
1,978.00 kJ/mol  
99+
4th Energy Level
3,298.80 kJ/mol  
99+
2,780.00 kJ/mol  
99+
5th Energy Level
4,305.20 kJ/mol  
99+
5,870.00 kJ/mol  
99+
6th Energy Level
12,900.00 kJ/mol  
5
5,870.00 kJ/mol  
99+
7th Energy level
3,300.00 kJ/mol  
99+
5,870.00 kJ/mol  
99+
8th Energy Level
5,280.00 kJ/mol  
99+
5,870.00 kJ/mol  
99+
9th Energy Level
5,780.00 kJ/mol  
99+
5,870.00 kJ/mol  
99+
10th Energy Level
8,830.00 kJ/mol  
22
5,870.00 kJ/mol  
99+
11th Energy Level
3,300.00 kJ/mol  
99+
5,870.00 kJ/mol  
99+
12th Energy Level
88,300.00 kJ/mol  
2
5,870.00 kJ/mol  
99+
13th Energy Level
4,760.00 kJ/mol  
99+
5,870.00 kJ/mol  
99+
14th Energy Level
1,120.00 kJ/mol  
99+
5,870.00 kJ/mol  
38
15th Energy Level
33,000.00 kJ/mol  
99+
58,700.00 kJ/mol  
99+
16th Energy Level
33,000.00 kJ/mol  
99+
58,700.00 kJ/mol  
39
17th Energy Level
1,129.00 kJ/mol  
19
587.40 kJ/mol  
99+
18th Energy Level
0.00 kJ/mol  
99+
5,870.00 kJ/mol  
99+
19th Energy Level
1,094.90 kJ/mol  
18
587.00 kJ/mol  
99+
20th Energy Level
0.00 kJ/mol  
99+
587.00 kJ/mol  
99+
21st Energy Level
883.00 kJ/mol  
36
587.00 kJ/mol  
99+
22nd Energy Level
330.00 kJ/mol  
99+
587.00 kJ/mol  
99+
23rd Energy Level
1,150.00 kJ/mol  
33
587.00 kJ/mol  
99+
24th Energy Level
528.30 kJ/mol  
99+
587.00 kJ/mol  
99+
25th Energy Level
0.00 kJ/mol  
99+
587.00 kJ/mol  
99+
26th Energy Level
579.80 kJ/mol  
99+
587.40 kJ/mol  
99+
27th Energy Level
0.00 kJ/mol  
99+
587.40 kJ/mol  
99+
28th Energy Level
1,150.00 kJ/mol  
3
587.40 kJ/mol  
99+
29th Energy Level
1,094.00 kJ/mol  
5
587.00 kJ/mol  
99+
30th Energy Level
0.00 kJ/mol  
99+
587.40 kJ/mol  
99+
Electrochemical Equivalent
3.00 g/amp-hr  
21
2.16 g/amp-hr  
28
Electron Work Function
4.90 eV  
12
3.41 eV  
99+
Other Chemical Properties
Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Radioactivity  
Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Radioactivity  
Atomic
Atomic Number
105  
13
90  
28
Electron Configuration
[Rn] 5f14 6d3 7s2  
[Rn] 6d2 7s2  
Crystal Structure
Body Centered Cubic (BCC)  
Face Centered Cubic (FCC)  
Crystal Lattice
BCC-Crystal-Structure-.jpg#100  
FCC-Crystal-Structure-of-Thorium.jpg#100  
Atom
  
  
Number of Protons
105  
13
90  
28
Number of Neutrons
157  
8
142  
16
Number of Electrons
105  
13
90  
28
Radius of an Atom
  
  
Atomic Radius
139.00 pm  
99+
179.80 pm  
17
Covalent Radius
149.00 pm  
37
206.00 pm  
7
Van der Waals Radius
0.00 pm  
99+
237.00 pm  
19
Atomic Weight
268.00 amu  
10
232.04 amu  
23
Atomic Volume
22.80 cm3/mol  
17
19.90 cm3/mol  
32
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
  
  
Previous Element
Rutherfordium
  
Actinium
  
Next Element
Seaborgium
  
Protactinium
  
Valence Electron Potential
0.00 (-eV)  
99+
59.30 (-eV)  
24
Lattice Constant
-  
508.42 pm  
16
Lattice Angles
-  
π/2, π/2, π/2  
Lattice C/A Ratio
1.63  
14
1.10  
99+
Mechanical
Density
  
  
Density At Room Temperature
29.30 g/cm3  
5
11.72 g/cm3  
34
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
29.30 g/cm3  
6
11.72 g/cm3  
32
Tensile Strength
0.10 MPa  
99+
75.00 MPa  
30
Viscosity
0.00  
25
0.00  
23
Vapor Pressure
  
  
Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
0.00 (Pa)  
22
0.00 (Pa)  
37
Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
0.00 (Pa)  
30
0.00 (Pa)  
22
Elasticity properties
  
  
Shear Modulus
34.00 GPa  
22
31.00 GPa  
25
Bulk Modulus
39.00 GPa  
39
54.00 GPa  
23
Young's Modulus
0.00 GPa  
99+
79.00 GPa  
26
Poisson Ratio
0.39  
5
0.27  
20
Other Mechanical Properties
-  
Ductile  
Magnetic
Magnetic Characteristics
  
  
Specific Gravity
39.00  
3
11.70  
36
Magnetic Ordering
-  
Paramagnetic  
Permeability
0.00 H/m  
17
0.00 H/m  
17
Susceptibility
0.00  
24
0.00  
24
Electrical Properties
  
  
Electrical Property
-  
Superconductor  
Resistivity
6.80 nΩ·m  
99+
157.00 nΩ·m  
22
Electrical Conductivity
0.00 106/cm Ω  
99+
0.07 106/cm Ω  
36
Electron Affinity
-  
0.00 kJ/mol  
99+
Thermal
Specific Heat
0.10 J/(kg K)  
99+
0.12 J/(kg K)  
99+
Molar Heat Capacity
29.30 J/mol·K  
11
26.23 J/mol·K  
38
Thermal Conductivity
0.00 W/m·K  
99+
54.00 W/m·K  
28
Critical Temperature
1,323.00 K  
99+
2,023.00 K  
20
Thermal Expansion
13.20 µm/(m·K)  
37
11.00 µm/(m·K)  
99+
Enthalpy
  
  
Enthalpy of Vaporization
289.70 kJ/mol  
99+
429.00 kJ/mol  
20
Enthalpy of Fusion
-  
15.48 kJ/mol  
19
Enthalpy of Atomization
-  
468.60 kJ/mol  
20
Standard Molar Entropy
55.00 J/mol.K  
34
27.30 J/mol.K  
99+
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