Symbol
Er
Be
Group Number
32
0
17
👆🏻
Period Number
62
2
7
👆🏻
Block
f block
s block
Element Family
Lanthanide
Alkaline Earth
CAS Number
74405207440417
7429905
54386242
👆🏻
Space Group Name
P63/mmc
P63/mmc
Space Group Number
194.00194.00
11
276
👆🏻
Interesting Facts
- Erbium metal is used as alloyed with Vanadium to make it softer.
- Recent studies shows that it is helpful for metabolism.
- Beryllium is best anti corrosion metal.
- Beryllium is the lightest metal and still it is stronger than steel.
- It also finds various applications in Nuclear reactors as a reflector.
Sources
Mining
Earth's crust, Found in Minerals, Mining, Ores of metals, Ores of Minerals
History
Who Discovered
Carl Gustaf Mosander
Louis Nicolas Vauquelin
Discovery
In 1842
In 1797
Abundance
Abundance In Universe
0.00 %0.00 %
0
0.11
👆🏻
Abundance In Sun
0.00 %0.00 %
0
0.1
👆🏻
Abundance In Meteorites
0.00 %0.00 %
0
22
👆🏻
Abundance In Earth's Crust
0.00 %0.00 %
1E-37
8.1
👆🏻
Abundance In Oceans
0.00 %0.00 %
0
1.1
👆🏻
Abundance In Humans
0.00 %0.00 %
0
1.4
👆🏻
Uses & Benefits
- It has a tendency to get tarnished in the open air, but when alloyed with elements like erbium, vanadium, its hardness levels decreases.
- Its compounds like Erbium oxide is used in safety glasses of welders and metal workers.
- Its alloys with copper or nickel are used in manufacturing Gyroscopes, springs, electrical contact and non sparking tools.
- Beryllium Alloys are used as a material for aircraft, missiles, spacecraft and satellite.
Industrial Uses
Chemical Industry
Aerospace Industry, Ammunition Industry, Automobile Industry, Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry
Medical Uses
-
-
Other Uses
Alloys
Alloys
Biological Properties
Toxicity
Mildly Toxic
Toxic
Present in Human Body
✔
✘
✔
✘
In Blood
0.00 Blood/mg dm-30.00 Blood/mg dm-3
0
1970
👆🏻
In Bone
0.00 p.p.m.0.00 p.p.m.
0
170000
👆🏻
Melting Point
1,522.00 °C1,278.00 °C
-38.83
3410
👆🏻
Boiling Point
2,510.00 °C2,970.00 °C
0
5660
👆🏻
Appearance
Physical State
Solid
Solid
Color
Silvery White
White Gray
Luster
Lustrous
Metallic
Hardness
Mohs Hardness
1.005.50
0.2
8.5
👆🏻
Brinell Hardness
814.00 MPa590.00 MPa
0.14
3490
👆🏻
Vickers Hardness
589.00 MPa1,670.00 MPa
0
3920
👆🏻
Speed of Sound
2,830.00 m/s12,890.00 m/s
818
16200
👆🏻
Optical Properties
Refractive Index
1.761.56
0.155
3.41
👆🏻
Reflectivity
36.00 %65.00 %
5
97
👆🏻
Allotropes
✔
✘
✔
✘
α Allotropes
-
-
β Allotropes
-
-
γ Allotropes
-
-
Chemical Formula
Er
Be
Isotopes
Known Isotopes
319
0
38
👆🏻
Electronegativity
Pauling Electronegativity
1.241.57
0
2.6
👆🏻
Sanderson Electronegativity
1.241.81
0.22
2.56
👆🏻
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.111.47
0.86
1.9
👆🏻
Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
1.241.54
0.62
2.48
👆🏻
Allen Electronegativity
1.241.58
0.659
2.7
👆🏻
Electropositivity
Pauling Electropositivity
2.762.43
1.46
3.3
👆🏻
Ionization Energies
1st Energy Level
589.30 kJ/mol899.50 kJ/mol
375.7
26130
👆🏻
2nd Energy Level
1,150.00 kJ/mol1,757.10 kJ/mol
392.8
28750
👆🏻
3rd Energy Level
2,194.00 kJ/mol14,848.70 kJ/mol
392.8
34230
👆🏻
4th Energy Level
4,120.00 kJ/mol21,006.60 kJ/mol
375.7
37066
👆🏻
5th Energy Level
5,897.00 kJ/mol2,970.00 kJ/mol
392
97510
👆🏻
6th Energy Level
5,897.00 kJ/mol1,470.00 kJ/mol
1007
105800
👆🏻
7th Energy level
5,890.00 kJ/mol2,970.00 kJ/mol
1007
114300
👆🏻
8th Energy Level
5,890.00 kJ/mol2,970.00 kJ/mol
730
125300
👆🏻
9th Energy Level
4,240.00 kJ/mol2,970.00 kJ/mol
1007
134700
👆🏻
10th Energy Level
5,890.00 kJ/mol2,970.00 kJ/mol
392
144300
👆🏻
11th Energy Level
5,890.00 kJ/mol2,970.00 kJ/mol
392
169988
👆🏻
12th Energy Level
5,890.00 kJ/mol29,700.00 kJ/mol
0
189368
👆🏻
13th Energy Level
5,890.00 kJ/mol2,970.00 kJ/mol
1007
76015
👆🏻
14th Energy Level
5,890.00 kJ/mol2,970.00 kJ/mol
380
86450
👆🏻
15th Energy Level
58,900.00 kJ/mol89,900.00 kJ/mol
33000
100700
👆🏻
16th Energy Level
58,900.00 kJ/mol89,900.00 kJ/mol
375.7
109480
👆🏻
17th Energy Level
589.30 kJ/mol2,970.00 kJ/mol
375.7
122200
👆🏻
18th Energy Level
5,890.00 kJ/mol8,995.00 kJ/mol
0
134810
👆🏻
19th Energy Level
589.30 kJ/mol899.50 kJ/mol
375.7
148700
👆🏻
20th Energy Level
589.00 kJ/mol899.00 kJ/mol
0
171200
👆🏻
21st Energy Level
5,897.00 kJ/mol2,970.00 kJ/mol
375.7
179100
👆🏻
22nd Energy Level
589.00 kJ/mol899.00 kJ/mol
330
184900
👆🏻
23rd Energy Level
589.30 kJ/mol2,970.00 kJ/mol
357.6
198800
👆🏻
24th Energy Level
589.30 kJ/mol297.30 kJ/mol
297.3
195200
👆🏻
25th Energy Level
589.00 kJ/mol2,970.00 kJ/mol
0
121900
👆🏻
26th Energy Level
589.30 kJ/mol2,970.00 kJ/mol
357.6
127700
👆🏻
27th Energy Level
589.30 kJ/mol297.30 kJ/mol
0
133800
👆🏻
28th Energy Level
589.30 kJ/mol297.30 kJ/mol
297.3
139800
👆🏻
29th Energy Level
589.30 kJ/mol2,970.00 kJ/mol
0
148100
👆🏻
30th Energy Level
589.70 kJ/mol2,970.00 kJ/mol
0
154500
👆🏻
Electrochemical Equivalent
2.08 g/amp-hr0.17 g/amp-hr
0.16812
8.3209
👆🏻
Electron Work Function
5.93 eV4.98 eV
2.14
6
👆🏻
Other Chemical Properties
Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility
Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes
Atomic Number
684
3
117
👆🏻
Electron Configuration
[Xe] 4f12 6s2
[He] 2s2
Crystal Structure
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)
Crystal Lattice
Atom
Number of Protons
684
3
117
👆🏻
Number of Neutrons
995
4
285
👆🏻
Number of Electrons
684
3
117
👆🏻
Radius of an Atom
Atomic Radius
176.00 pm112.00 pm
0
348
👆🏻
Covalent Radius
189.00 pm96.00 pm
0
260
👆🏻
Van der Waals Radius
0.00 pm153.00 pm
0
348
👆🏻
Atomic Weight
167.26 amu9.01 amu
6.94
294
👆🏻
Atomic Volume
18.40 cm3/mol5.00 cm3/mol
1.39
71.07
👆🏻
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
Previous Element
Next Element
Valence Electron Potential
49.00 (-eV)82.00 (-eV)
0
392.42
👆🏻
Lattice Constant
355.88 pm228.58 pm
0
891.25
👆🏻
Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3
π/2, π/2, π/2
Lattice C/A Ratio
1.571.57
0.423
1.9
👆🏻
Density
Density At Room Temperature
9.07 g/cm31.85 g/cm3
0.534
40.7
👆🏻
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
8.86 g/cm31.69 g/cm3
0.512
41
👆🏻
Tensile Strength
350.00 MPa287.00 MPa
0.1
11000
👆🏻
Viscosity
0.000.00
1.5E-05
0.0035
👆🏻
Vapor Pressure
Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
0.00 (Pa)0.00 (Pa)
0
121
👆🏻
Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
0.00 (Pa)0.00 (Pa)
0
774
👆🏻
Elasticity properties
Shear Modulus
28.30 GPa132.00 GPa
1.3
222
👆🏻
Bulk Modulus
44.40 GPa130.00 GPa
0
462
👆🏻
Young's Modulus
69.90 GPa287.00 GPa
0
528
👆🏻
Poisson Ratio
0.240.03
0.032
0.47
👆🏻
Other Mechanical Properties
Malleable
-
Magnetic Characteristics
Specific Gravity
9.071.85
0.53
4500
👆🏻
Magnetic Ordering
Paramagnetic
Diamagnetic
Permeability
0.00 H/m0.00 H/m
1.25643E-06
0.0063
👆🏻
Susceptibility
0.000.00
-0.000166
200000
👆🏻
Electrical Properties
Electrical Property
Conductor
Semiconductor
Resistivity
0.86 nΩ·m36.00 nΩ·m
0.1
961
👆🏻
Electrical Conductivity
0.01 106/cm Ω0.31 106/cm Ω
0
0.63
👆🏻
Electron Affinity
50.00 kJ/mol0.00 kJ/mol
0
222.8
👆🏻
Specific Heat
0.17 J/(kg K)1.82 J/(kg K)
0.1
3.6
👆🏻
Molar Heat Capacity
28.12 J/mol·K16.44 J/mol·K
13.1
62.7
👆🏻
Thermal Conductivity
14.50 W/m·K200.00 W/m·K
0
429
👆🏻
Critical Temperature
1,802.00 K1,551.00 K
26.3
3695
👆🏻
Thermal Expansion
12.20 µm/(m·K)11.30 µm/(m·K)
4.5
97
👆🏻
Enthalpy
Enthalpy of Vaporization
261.00 kJ/mol294.70 kJ/mol
7.32
799.1
👆🏻
Enthalpy of Fusion
17.20 kJ/mol11.72 kJ/mol
2.1
35.23
👆🏻
Enthalpy of Atomization
314.00 kJ/mol326.40 kJ/mol
61.5
837
👆🏻
Standard Molar Entropy
73.10 J/mol.K9.50 J/mol.K
9.5
198.1
👆🏻