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Fermium vs Cerium

Fermium
Cerium
Cerium vs Fermium


Periodic Table
Symbol
Fm  
Ce  
Group Number
3  
15
3  
15
Period Number
7  
6  
Block
f block  
f block  
Element Family
Actinide  
Lanthanide  
CAS Number
7440724  
19
7440451  
99+
Space Group Name
-  
P63/mmc  
Space Group Number
194.00  
7
194.00  
7
Facts
Interesting Facts
  • Fermium metal is highly radioactive in nature.
  • Fermium is synthetically produced metal.
  
  • Cerium is a rare earth metal but still it is not rare at all.
  • It’s non-toxic compound Cerium sulfide has a rich red color and it is used as a pigment.
  • Cerium metal is also used in Flat screen TVs, light bulb, floodlights, etc.
  
Sources
Bombarding Pu-239 with Neutrons  
Found in Minerals, Mining, Ores of Minerals  
History
  
  
Who Discovered
Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory  
Martin Heinrich Klaproth, Jöns Jakob Berzelius, Wilhelm Hisinger  
Discovery
In 1952  
In 1803  
Abundance
  
  
Abundance In Universe
0.00 %  
35
0.00 %  
17
Abundance In Sun
0.00 %  
30
0.00 %  
23
Abundance In Meteorites
0.00 %  
99+
0.00 %  
27
Abundance In Earth's Crust
0.00 %  
99+
0.01 %  
18
Abundance In Oceans
-  
0.00 %  
33
Abundance In Humans
-  
0.00 %  
24
Uses
Uses & Benefits
  • Currently known uses of Fermium metal are limited to research purpose only.
  
  • It is used to include flints for cigarette lighters.
  • Its compound Cerium (Ill) Oxide is used as a catalyst; it is put inside the walls of the oven as it prevents from the buildup of cooking residues.
  
Industrial Uses
-  
Chemical Industry  
Medical Uses
-  
Medical Research  
Other Uses
-  
Alloys  
Biological Properties
  
  
Toxicity
-  
Moderately Toxic  
Present in Human Body
No  
Yes  
In Blood
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3  
40
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3  
30
In Bone
0.00 p.p.m.  
99+
2.70 p.p.m.  
14
Physical
Melting Point
1,527.00 °C  
26
795.00 °C  
99+
Boiling Point
0.00 °C  
99+
3,257.00 °C  
24
Appearance
  
  
Physical State
Solid  
Solid  
Color
-  
Silvery White  
Luster
-  
Lustrous  
Hardness
  
  
Mohs Hardness
6.00  
6
2.50  
15
Brinell Hardness
500.00 MPa  
28
186.00 MPa  
99+
Vickers Hardness
600.00 MPa  
28
210.00 MPa  
99+
Speed of Sound
2,500.00 m/s  
99+
2,100.00 m/s  
99+
Optical Properties
  
  
Refractive Index
1.30  
99+
2.20  
9
Reflectivity
59.00 %  
24
68.00 %  
15
Allotropes
No  
No  
α Allotropes
-  
-  
β Allotropes
-  
-  
γ Allotropes
-  
-  
Chemical
Chemical Formula
Fm  
Ce  
Isotopes
  
  
Known Isotopes
18  
21
30  
9
Electronegativity
  
  
Pauling Electronegativity
1.30  
33
1.12  
99+
Sanderson Electronegativity
1.30  
25
1.12  
37
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.20  
28
1.08  
32
Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
1.30  
33
1.12  
99+
Allen Electronegativity
1.30  
40
1.12  
99+
Electropositivity
  
  
Pauling Electropositivity
2.70  
22
2.88  
11
Ionization Energies
  
  
1st Energy Level
627.00 kJ/mol  
99+
534.40 kJ/mol  
99+
2nd Energy Level
1,225.00 kJ/mol  
99+
1,050.00 kJ/mol  
99+
3rd Energy Level
2,363.00 kJ/mol  
99+
1,949.00 kJ/mol  
99+
4th Energy Level
3,792.00 kJ/mol  
99+
3,547.00 kJ/mol  
99+
5th Energy Level
6,270.00 kJ/mol  
39
6,325.00 kJ/mol  
37
6th Energy Level
6,270.00 kJ/mol  
99+
7,490.00 kJ/mol  
38
7th Energy level
6,270.00 kJ/mol  
99+
5,340.00 kJ/mol  
99+
8th Energy Level
6,270.00 kJ/mol  
99+
5,340.00 kJ/mol  
99+
9th Energy Level
7,040.00 kJ/mol  
33
5,340.00 kJ/mol  
99+
10th Energy Level
6,270.00 kJ/mol  
99+
5,340.00 kJ/mol  
99+
11th Energy Level
6,270.00 kJ/mol  
99+
5,340.00 kJ/mol  
99+
12th Energy Level
62,700.00 kJ/mol  
10
5,340.00 kJ/mol  
99+
13th Energy Level
6,270.00 kJ/mol  
38
5,650.00 kJ/mol  
99+
14th Energy Level
6,270.00 kJ/mol  
27
5,340.00 kJ/mol  
99+
15th Energy Level
62,700.00 kJ/mol  
38
53,400.00 kJ/mol  
99+
16th Energy Level
62,700.00 kJ/mol  
28
53,400.00 kJ/mol  
99+
17th Energy Level
627.00 kJ/mol  
99+
534.40 kJ/mol  
99+
18th Energy Level
6,270.00 kJ/mol  
40
5,340.00 kJ/mol  
99+
19th Energy Level
994.80 kJ/mol  
21
534.40 kJ/mol  
99+
20th Energy Level
627.00 kJ/mol  
99+
534.00 kJ/mol  
99+
21st Energy Level
627.00 kJ/mol  
99+
5,346.00 kJ/mol  
24
22nd Energy Level
345.00 kJ/mol  
99+
594.00 kJ/mol  
99+
23rd Energy Level
6,270.00 kJ/mol  
14
5,346.00 kJ/mol  
26
24th Energy Level
627.60 kJ/mol  
38
565.50 kJ/mol  
99+
25th Energy Level
627.00 kJ/mol  
40
534.40 kJ/mol  
99+
26th Energy Level
627.60 kJ/mol  
39
565.50 kJ/mol  
99+
27th Energy Level
627.60 kJ/mol  
99+
565.50 kJ/mol  
99+
28th Energy Level
627.60 kJ/mol  
99+
565.50 kJ/mol  
99+
29th Energy Level
627.60 kJ/mol  
99+
565.50 kJ/mol  
99+
30th Energy Level
627.60 kJ/mol  
99+
594.00 kJ/mol  
99+
Electrochemical Equivalent
3.20 g/amp-hr  
15
1.74 g/amp-hr  
99+
Electron Work Function
4.47 eV  
21
2.84 eV  
99+
Other Chemical Properties
Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Radioactivity  
Chemical Stability, Anti Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility  
Atomic
Atomic Number
100  
18
58  
99+
Electron Configuration
[Rn] 5f12 7s2  
[Xe] 4f1 5d1 6s2  
Crystal Structure
Not Known  
Double Hexagonal Close Packed (DHCP)  
Crystal Lattice
Unknown-Crystal-Structure-of-Fermium.jpg#100  
DHCP-Crystal-Structure-of-Cerium.jpg#100  
Atom
  
  
Number of Protons
100  
18
58  
99+
Number of Neutrons
157  
8
82  
99+
Number of Electrons
100  
18
58  
99+
Radius of an Atom
  
  
Atomic Radius
180.00 pm  
16
181.80 pm  
14
Covalent Radius
180.00 pm  
23
204.00 pm  
8
Van der Waals Radius
245.00 pm  
13
235.00 pm  
21
Atomic Weight
257.00 amu  
15
140.12 amu  
99+
Atomic Volume
18.00 cm3/mol  
99+
20.67 cm3/mol  
27
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
  
  
Previous Element
Einsteinium
  
Lanthanum
  
Next Element
Mendelevium
  
Praseodymium
  
Valence Electron Potential
0.00 (-eV)  
99+
41.78 (-eV)  
99+
Lattice Constant
350.00 pm  
99+
362.00 pm  
38
Lattice Angles
-  
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3  
Lattice C/A Ratio
1.63  
13
1.59  
31
Mechanical
Density
  
  
Density At Room Temperature
9.70 g/cm3  
99+
6.77 g/cm3  
99+
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
9.70 g/cm3  
99+
6.55 g/cm3  
99+
Tensile Strength
0.10 MPa  
99+
270.00 MPa  
17
Viscosity
0.00  
25
0.00  
23
Vapor Pressure
  
  
Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
0.00 (Pa)  
22
0.00 (Pa)  
36
Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
0.00 (Pa)  
30
1.04 (Pa)  
13
Elasticity properties
  
  
Shear Modulus
30.00 GPa  
27
13.50 GPa  
99+
Bulk Modulus
50.00 GPa  
24
21.50 GPa  
99+
Young's Modulus
0.00 GPa  
99+
33.60 GPa  
99+
Poisson Ratio
0.35  
9
0.24  
27
Other Mechanical Properties
-  
Ductile, Malleable  
Magnetic
Magnetic Characteristics
  
  
Specific Gravity
9.70  
99+
6.77  
99+
Magnetic Ordering
-  
Paramagnetic  
Permeability
0.00 H/m  
16
0.00 H/m  
7
Susceptibility
0.00  
24
0.00  
24
Electrical Properties
  
  
Electrical Property
-  
Conductor  
Resistivity
7.90 nΩ·m  
99+
828.00 nΩ·m  
3
Electrical Conductivity
0.00 106/cm Ω  
99+
0.01 106/cm Ω  
99+
Electron Affinity
0.00 kJ/mol  
99+
50.00 kJ/mol  
26
Thermal
Specific Heat
0.10 J/(kg K)  
99+
0.19 J/(kg K)  
33
Molar Heat Capacity
27.00 J/mol·K  
29
26.94 J/mol·K  
30
Thermal Conductivity
0.00 W/m·K  
99+
11.30 W/m·K  
99+
Critical Temperature
1,323.00 K  
99+
1,071.00 K  
99+
Thermal Expansion
11.00 µm/(m·K)  
99+
6.30 µm/(m·K)  
99+
Enthalpy
  
  
Enthalpy of Vaporization
319.20 kJ/mol  
99+
414.00 kJ/mol  
22
Enthalpy of Fusion
13.30 kJ/mol  
30
5.46 kJ/mol  
99+
Enthalpy of Atomization
-  
381.00 kJ/mol  
31
Standard Molar Entropy
50.00 J/mol.K  
99+
72.00 J/mol.K  
12
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