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Cerium vs Protactinium

Cerium
Protactinium
Protactinium vs Cerium


Periodic Table
Symbol
Ce   
Pa   
Group Number
Not Available   
Not Available   
Period Number
6   
7   
Block
f block   
f block   
Element Family
Lanthanide   
Actinide   
CAS Number
7440451   
99+
7440133   
99+
Space Group Name
P63/mmc   
I4/mmm   
Space Group Number
194.00   
5
139.00   
8
Facts
Interesting Facts
  • Cerium is a rare earth metal but still it is not rare at all.
  • It’s non-toxic compound Cerium sulfide has a rich red color and it is used as a pigment.
  • Cerium metal is also used in Flat screen TVs, light bulb, floodlights, etc.
  
  • Protactinium metal has 29 isotopes.
  • Isotopes of Protactinium-231 used in nuclear weapon.
  
Sources
Found in Minerals, Mining, Ores of Minerals   
Found in Uranium Ores, Mining, Ores of metals   
History
  
  
Who Discovered
Martin Heinrich Klaproth, Jöns Jakob Berzelius, Wilhelm Hisinger   
William Crookes   
Discovery
In 1803   
In 1900   
Abundance
  
  
Abundance In Universe
1 * 10-6 %   
16
Not Available   
Abundance In Sun
~0.0000004 %   
23
~-9999 %   
Abundance In Meteorites
0.00 %   
27
Not Available   
Abundance In Earth's Crust
0.01 %   
18
0.00 %   
99+
Abundance In Oceans
0.00 %   
33
0.00 %   
99+
Uses
Uses & Benefits
  • It is used to include flints for cigarette lighters.
  • Its compound Cerium (Ill) Oxide is used as a catalyst; it is put inside the walls of the oven as it prevents from the buildup of cooking residues.
  
  • Currently known uses of Protactinium metal are limited to research purpose only.
  
Industrial Uses
Chemical Industry   
NA   
Medical Uses
Medical Research   
NA   
Other Uses
Alloys   
NA   
Biological Properties
  
  
Toxicity
Moderately Toxic   
Highly Toxic   
Present in Human Body
Yes   
No   
In Blood
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3   
30
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3   
37
In Bone
2.70 p.p.m.   
14
0.00 p.p.m.   
36
Physical Properties
Melting Point
795.00 °C   
99+
1,568.00 °C   
21
Boiling Point
3,257.00 °C   
23
4,027.00 °C   
12
Appearance
  
  
Physical State
Solid   
Solid   
Color
Silvery White   
Silver   
Luster
Lustrous   
Metallic   
Hardness
  
  
Mohs Hardness
2.50   
14
Not Available   
Brinell Hardness
186.00 MPa   
99+
Not Available   
Vickers Hardness
210.00 MPa   
32
Not Available   
Speed of Sound
2,100.00 m/s   
99+
Not Available   
Optical Properties
  
  
Allotropes
No   
No   
α Allotropes
Not Available   
Not Available   
β Allotropes
Not Available   
Not Available   
γ Allotropes
Not Available   
Not Available   
Chemical Properties
Chemical Formula
Ce   
Pa   
Isotopes
  
  
Known Isotopes
30   
9
27   
12
Electronegativity
  
  
Pauling Electronegativity
1.12   
99+
1.50   
27
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.08   
31
1.14   
28
Electropositivity
  
  
Pauling Electropositivity
2.88   
11
2.50   
27
Ionization Energies
  
  
1st Energy Level
534.40 kJ/mol   
99+
568.00 kJ/mol   
99+
2nd Energy Level
1,050.00 kJ/mol   
99+
1,128.00 kJ/mol   
99+
3rd Energy Level
1,949.00 kJ/mol   
99+
1,814.00 kJ/mol   
99+
4th Energy Level
3,547.00 kJ/mol   
99+
2,991.00 kJ/mol   
99+
5th Energy Level
6,325.00 kJ/mol   
22
Not Available   
6th Energy Level
7,490.00 kJ/mol   
21
Not Available   
Electrochemical Equivalent
1.74 g/amp-hr   
99+
1.72 g/amp-hr   
99+
Electron Work Function
2.84 eV   
39
Not Available   
Other Chemical Properties
Chemical Stability, Anti Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility   
Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Radioactivity   
Atomic Properties
Atomic Number
58   
99+
91   
27
Electron Configuration
[Xe] 4f1 5d1 6s2   
[Rn] 5f2 6d1 7s2   
Crystal Structure
Double Hexagonal Close Packed (DHCP)   
Tetragonal (TETR)   
Crystal Lattice
DHCP-Crystal-Structure-of-Cerium.jpg#100   
TETR-Crystal-Structure-of-Protactinium.jpg#100   
Atom
  
  
Number of Protons
58   
99+
91   
27
Number of Neutrons
82   
99+
122   
21
Number of Electrons
58   
99+
91   
27
Radius of an Atom
  
  
Atomic Radius
181.80 pm   
12
163.00 pm   
25
Covalent Radius
204.00 pm   
8
200.00 pm   
11
Van der Waals Radius
235.00 pm   
17
243.00 pm   
11
Atomic Weight
140.12 amu   
99+
231.04 amu   
24
Atomic Volume
20.67 cm3/mol   
17
15.00 cm3/mol   
34
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
  
  
Previous Element
Lanthanum
  
Thorium
  
Next Element
Praseodymium
  
Uranium
  
Valence Electron Potential
41.78 (-eV)   
99+
92.00 (-eV)   
11
Lattice Constant
362.00 pm   
34
392.50 pm   
23
Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3   
π/2, π/2, π/2   
Lattice C/A Ratio
Not Available   
Not Available   
Mechanical Properties
Density
  
  
Density At Room Temperature
6.77 g/cm3   
99+
15.37 g/cm3   
20
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
6.55 g/cm3   
38
Not Available   
Tensile Strength
Not Available   
Not Available   
Viscosity
Not Available   
Not Available   
Vapor Pressure
  
  
Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
0.00 (Pa)   
34
Not Available   
Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
1.04 (Pa)   
13
Not Available   
Elasticity properties
  
  
Shear Modulus
13.50 GPa   
99+
Not Available   
Bulk Modulus
21.50 GPa   
99+
Not Available   
Young's Modulus
33.60 GPa   
99+
Not Available   
Poisson Ratio
0.24   
27
Not Available   
Other Mechanical Properties
Ductile, Malleable   
Unknown   
Magnetic Properties
Magnetic Characteristics
  
  
Specific Gravity
6.77   
99+
15.37   
12
Magnetic Ordering
Paramagnetic   
Paramagnetic   
Electrical Properties
  
  
Electrical Property
Conductor   
Conductor   
Resistivity
828.00 nΩ·m   
3
177.00 nΩ·m   
21
Electrical Conductivity
0.01 106/cm Ω   
99+
0.05 106/cm Ω   
34
Electron Affinity
50.00 kJ/mol   
21
Not Available   
Thermal Properties
Specific Heat
0.19 J/(kg K)   
32
0.12 J/(kg K)   
40
Molar Heat Capacity
26.94 J/mol·K   
23
Not Available   
Thermal Conductivity
11.30 W/m·K   
99+
47.00 W/m·K   
32
Critical Temperature
Not Available   
Not Available   
Thermal Expansion
6.30 µm/(m·K)   
99+
9.90 µm/(m·K)   
40
Enthalpy
  
  
Enthalpy of Vaporization
414.00 kJ/mol   
16
Not Available   
Enthalpy of Fusion
5.46 kJ/mol   
99+
12.34 kJ/mol   
28
Enthalpy of Atomization
381.00 kJ/mol   
23
Not Available   
Standard Molar Entropy
72.00 J/mol.K   
12
198.10 J/mol.K   
1
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