1 Periodic Table
1.1 Symbol
1.2 Group Number
1.3 Period Number
1.4 Block
1.5 Element Family
Lanthanide
Transition Metal
1.6 CAS Number
74405427439976
7429905
54386242
1.7 Space Group Name
1.8 Space Group Number
2 Facts
2.1 Interesting Facts
- Gadolinium is not found free in nature, hence it is not a native metal.
- Gadolinium metal found in minerals like Monazite and Bastnaesite.
- At room temperature mercury is found in a liquid state.
- A coin of pound or rupees floats in mercury.
- Because of its low melting point and boiling point it is used in thermometers.
2.2 Sources
Found in Minerals, Mining
Mining, Ores of Minerals
2.3 History
2.3.1 Who Discovered
Jean Charles Galissard de Marignac
Ancient Chinese and Indians
2.3.2 Discovery
2.4 Abundance
2.4.1 Abundance In Universe
2.4.5 Abundance In Sun
~0.0000002 %~-9999 %
1E-08
0.1
2.4.9 Abundance In Meteorites
2.4.12 Abundance In Earth's Crust
2.4.18 Abundance In Oceans
2.4.21 Abundance In Humans
3 Uses
3.1 Uses & Benefits
- Its alloys are also used in making Magnets, electronic components and Data storage devices.
- Compound of Gadolinium metal are used in magnetic resonance imaging (MRI).
- It is a liquid metal at room temperature, but it is a toxic heavy metal and hence many uses of mercury are under review or phased out.
- It is manly used as a catalysts in chemical industry.
3.1.1 Industrial Uses
Aerospace Industry, Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry
Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry
3.1.2 Medical Uses
3.1.3 Other Uses
Alloys
Alloys, Mirror Manufacturing, Pharmaceutical Industry
3.2 Biological Properties
3.2.1 Toxicity
3.2.2 Present in Human Body
3.2.3 In Blood
NA0.01 Blood/mg dm-3
0
1970
3.2.7 In Bone
4 Physical
4.1 Melting Point
4.2 Boiling Point
3,233.00 °C356.58 °C
147
5660
4.3 Appearance
4.3.1 Physical State
4.3.2 Color
4.3.3 Luster
4.4 Hardness
4.4.1 Mohs Hardness
4.5.1 Brinell Hardness
4.7.1 Vickers Hardness
5.2 Speed of Sound
2,680.00 m/s1,451.40 m/s
818
16200
6.2 Optical Properties
6.2.1 Refractive Index
6.5.2 Reflectivity
6.6 Allotropes
6.6.1 α Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
6.7.1 β Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
6.7.2 γ Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
7 Chemical
7.1 Chemical Formula
7.2 Isotopes
7.2.2 Known Isotopes
7.4 Electronegativity
7.4.1 Pauling Electronegativity
7.4.4 Sanderson Electronegativity
7.4.6 Allred Rochow Electronegativity
7.4.7 Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
7.5.2 Allen Electronegativity
7.7 Electropositivity
7.7.1 Pauling Electropositivity
7.8 Ionization Energies
7.8.1 1st Energy Level
593.40 kJ/mol1,007.10 kJ/mol
375.7
26130
7.9.1 2nd Energy Level
1,170.00 kJ/mol1,810.00 kJ/mol
710.2162
28750
7.10.1 3rd Energy Level
1,990.00 kJ/mol3,300.00 kJ/mol
1600
34230
7.12.1 4th Energy Level
4,250.00 kJ/molNA
2780
37066
7.12.2 5th Energy Level
7.16.1 6th Energy Level
7.18.1 7th Energy level
7.19.1 8th Energy Level
7.22.1 9th Energy Level
9.1.2 10th Energy Level
9.1.5 11th Energy Level
9.1.6 12th Energy Level
9.4.1 13th Energy Level
9.7.2 14th Energy Level
9.7.4 15th Energy Level
9.7.6 16th Energy Level
9.9.2 17th Energy Level
9.9.5 18th Energy Level
9.9.6 19th Energy Level
9.9.9 20th Energy Level
9.9.10 21st Energy Level
9.10.1 22nd Energy Level
9.11.1 23rd Energy Level
11.1.2 24th Energy Level
11.1.5 25th Energy Level
11.1.8 26th Energy Level
11.1.11 27th Energy Level
11.2.3 28th Energy Level
11.3.3 29th Energy Level
11.3.5 30th Energy Level
11.4 Electrochemical Equivalent
1.96 g/amp-hr3.74 g/amp-hr
0.16812
8.3209
11.5 Electron Work Function
12.2 Other Chemical Properties
Corrosion, Flammable, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes
Flammability, Ionization, Solubility
13 Atomic
13.1 Atomic Number
14.2 Electron Configuration
[Xe] 4f7 5d1 6s2
[Xe] 4f14 5d10 6s2
14.3 Crystal Structure
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)
Rhombohedral (RHO)
14.3.1 Crystal Lattice
14.4 Atom
14.4.1 Number of Protons
14.6.1 Number of Neutrons
14.8.1 Number of Electrons
14.10 Radius of an Atom
14.10.1 Atomic Radius
180.00 pm151.00 pm
112
265
14.11.1 Covalent Radius
196.00 pm132.00 pm
96
260
14.13.1 Van der Waals Radius
237.00 pm155.00 pm
139
348
14.14 Atomic Weight
47.87 amu200.59 amu
6.94
294
14.16 Atomic Volume
19.90 cm3/mol14.82 cm3/mol
1.39
71.07
14.18 Adjacent Atomic Numbers
14.18.1 Previous Element
14.18.2 Next Element
14.19 Valence Electron Potential
46.10 (-eV)28.20 (-eV)
8
392.42
14.20 Lattice Constant
363.60 pm300.50 pm
228.58
891.25
14.21 Lattice Angles
14.22 Lattice C/A Ratio
15 Mechanical
15.1 Density
15.1.1 Density At Room Temperature
7.90 g/cm313.53 g/cm3
0.534
40.7
15.1.2 Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
15.2 Tensile Strength
15.3 Viscosity
NA0.00
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0.001526
0.001526
15.4 Vapor Pressure
15.4.1 Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
15.4.2 Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
15.5 Elasticity properties
15.5.1 Shear Modulus
15.5.2 Bulk Modulus
15.5.3 Young's Modulus
15.6 Poisson Ratio
15.7 Other Mechanical Properties
16 Magnetic
16.1 Magnetic Characteristics
16.1.1 Specific Gravity
16.1.2 Magnetic Ordering
Ferromagnetic
Diamagnetic
16.1.3 Permeability
16.1.4 Susceptibility
16.2 Electrical Properties
16.2.1 Electrical Property
16.2.2 Resistivity
1.31 nΩ·m961.00 nΩ·m
0.18
961
16.2.3 Electrical Conductivity
0.01 106/cm Ω0.01 106/cm Ω
0.00666
0.63
16.2.4 Electron Affinity
50.00 kJ/mol0.00 kJ/mol
0
222.8
17 Thermal
17.1 Specific Heat
0.23 J/(kg K)0.14 J/(kg K)
0.11
3.6
17.2 Molar Heat Capacity
37.03 J/mol·K27.98 J/mol·K
16.443
62.7
17.3 Thermal Conductivity
10.60 W/m·K8.30 W/m·K
6.3
429
17.4 Critical Temperature
17.5 Thermal Expansion
9.40 µm/(m·K)60.40 µm/(m·K)
4.5
97
17.6 Enthalpy
17.6.1 Enthalpy of Vaporization
359.40 kJ/mol56.90 kJ/mol
7.32
799.1
17.6.2 Enthalpy of Fusion
10.05 kJ/mol2.29 kJ/mol
2.1
35.23
17.6.3 Enthalpy of Atomization
352.00 kJ/mol61.50 kJ/mol
61.5
837
17.7 Standard Molar Entropy
68.10 J/mol.K75.80 J/mol.K
9.5
198.1