1 Periodic Table
1.1 Symbol
1.2 Group Number
1.3 Period Number
1.4 Block
1.5 Element Family
Lanthanide
Alkaline Earth
1.6 CAS Number
74405427440246
7429905
54386242
1.7 Space Group Name
1.8 Space Group Number
2 Facts
2.1 Interesting Facts
- Gadolinium is not found free in nature, hence it is not a native metal.
- Gadolinium metal found in minerals like Monazite and Bastnaesite.
- Strontium element is softer than Calcium.
- Silvery Strontium turns yellow, if exposed to air.
2.2 Sources
Found in Minerals, Mining
Found in Minerals, Mining, Ores of Minerals
2.3 History
2.3.1 Who Discovered
Jean Charles Galissard de Marignac
William Cruickshank
2.3.2 Discovery
2.4 Abundance
2.4.1 Abundance In Universe
2 * 10-7 %4 * 10-6 %
5E-09
0.11
2.4.2 Abundance In Sun
~0.0000002 %~0.000005 %
1E-08
0.1
2.4.3 Abundance In Meteorites
2.4.4 Abundance In Earth's Crust
2.4.5 Abundance In Oceans
2.4.6 Abundance In Humans
3 Uses
3.1 Uses & Benefits
- Its alloys are also used in making Magnets, electronic components and Data storage devices.
- Compound of Gadolinium metal are used in magnetic resonance imaging (MRI).
- Strontium metal is used to producing ferrite magnets as well as refining zinc.
-
By-product of nuclear reactors called Strontium-90 is a radioactive isotope; it is absorbed by tissues and destroys bone marrow and cancer growth.
3.1.1 Industrial Uses
Aerospace Industry, Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry
Ammunition Industry, Chemical Industry
3.1.2 Medical Uses
3.1.3 Other Uses
3.2 Biological Properties
3.2.1 Toxicity
3.2.2 Present in Human Body
3.2.3 In Blood
NA0.03 Blood/mg dm-3
0
1970
3.2.4 In Bone
4 Physical
4.1 Melting Point
1,311.00 °C769.00 °C
27
3410
4.2 Boiling Point
3,233.00 °C1,384.00 °C
147
5660
4.3 Appearance
4.3.1 Physical State
4.3.2 Color
Silvery White
Silvery White
4.3.3 Luster
4.4 Hardness
4.4.1 Mohs Hardness
4.4.2 Brinell Hardness
4.4.3 Vickers Hardness
4.5 Speed of Sound
4.6 Optical Properties
4.6.1 Refractive Index
4.6.2 Reflectivity
4.7 Allotropes
4.7.1 α Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
4.7.2 β Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
4.7.3 γ Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
5 Chemical
5.1 Chemical Formula
5.2 Isotopes
5.2.1 Known Isotopes
5.3 Electronegativity
5.3.1 Pauling Electronegativity
5.3.2 Sanderson Electronegativity
5.3.3 Allred Rochow Electronegativity
5.3.4 Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
5.3.5 Allen Electronegativity
5.4 Electropositivity
5.4.1 Pauling Electropositivity
5.5 Ionization Energies
5.5.1 1st Energy Level
593.40 kJ/mol549.50 kJ/mol
375.7
26130
5.5.2 2nd Energy Level
1,170.00 kJ/mol1,064.20 kJ/mol
710.2162
28750
5.5.3 3rd Energy Level
1,990.00 kJ/mol4,138.00 kJ/mol
1600
34230
5.5.4 4th Energy Level
4,250.00 kJ/mol5,500.00 kJ/mol
2780
37066
5.5.5 5th Energy Level
NA6,910.00 kJ/mol
4305.2
97510
5.5.6 6th Energy Level
NA8,760.00 kJ/mol
5715.8
105800
5.5.7 7th Energy level
NA10,230.00 kJ/mol
7226.8
114300
5.5.8 8th Energy Level
NA11,800.00 kJ/mol
8857.4
125300
5.5.9 9th Energy Level
NA15,600.00 kJ/mol
14110
134700
5.5.10 10th Energy Level
NA17,100.00 kJ/mol
17100
144300
5.5.11 11th Energy Level
NA31,270.00 kJ/mol
19900
169988
5.5.12 12th Energy Level
5.5.13 13th Energy Level
5.5.14 14th Energy Level
5.5.15 15th Energy Level
5.5.16 16th Energy Level
5.5.17 17th Energy Level
5.5.18 18th Energy Level
5.5.19 19th Energy Level
5.5.20 20th Energy Level
5.5.21 21st Energy Level
5.5.22 22nd Energy Level
5.5.23 23rd Energy Level
5.5.24 24th Energy Level
5.5.25 25th Energy Level
5.5.26 26th Energy Level
5.5.27 27th Energy Level
5.5.28 28th Energy Level
5.5.29 29th Energy Level
5.5.30 30th Energy Level
5.6 Electrochemical Equivalent
1.96 g/amp-hr1.64 g/amp-hr
0.16812
8.3209
5.7 Electron Work Function
5.8 Other Chemical Properties
Corrosion, Flammable, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes
Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Radioactivity, Solubility
6 Atomic
6.1 Atomic Number
6.2 Electron Configuration
[Xe] 4f7 5d1 6s2
[Kr] 5s2
6.3 Crystal Structure
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)
Face Centered Cubic (FCC)
6.3.1 Crystal Lattice
6.4 Atom
6.4.1 Number of Protons
6.4.2 Number of Neutrons
6.4.3 Number of Electrons
6.5 Radius of an Atom
6.5.1 Atomic Radius
180.00 pm215.00 pm
112
265
6.5.2 Covalent Radius
196.00 pm195.00 pm
96
260
6.5.3 Van der Waals Radius
237.00 pm249.00 pm
139
348
6.6 Atomic Weight
47.87 amu87.62 amu
6.94
294
6.7 Atomic Volume
19.90 cm3/mol33.70 cm3/mol
1.39
71.07
6.8 Adjacent Atomic Numbers
6.8.1 Previous Element
6.8.2 Next Element
6.9 Valence Electron Potential
46.10 (-eV)25.70 (-eV)
8
392.42
6.10 Lattice Constant
363.60 pm608.49 pm
228.58
891.25
6.11 Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3
π/2, π/2, π/2
6.12 Lattice C/A Ratio
7 Mechanical
7.1 Density
7.1.1 Density At Room Temperature
7.90 g/cm32.64 g/cm3
0.534
40.7
7.1.2 Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
7.40 g/cm32.38 g/cm3
0.512
20
7.2 Tensile Strength
7.3 Viscosity
7.4 Vapor Pressure
7.4.1 Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
0.00 (Pa)121.00 (Pa)
2.47E-11
121
7.4.2 Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
7.5 Elasticity properties
7.5.1 Shear Modulus
21.80 GPa6.03 GPa
1.3
222
7.5.2 Bulk Modulus
7.5.3 Young's Modulus
54.80 GPa15.70 GPa
1.7
528
7.6 Poisson Ratio
7.7 Other Mechanical Properties
8 Magnetic
8.1 Magnetic Characteristics
8.1.1 Specific Gravity
8.1.2 Magnetic Ordering
Ferromagnetic
Paramagnetic
8.1.3 Permeability
8.1.4 Susceptibility
8.2 Electrical Properties
8.2.1 Electrical Property
8.2.2 Resistivity
1.31 nΩ·m132.00 nΩ·m
0.18
961
8.2.3 Electrical Conductivity
0.01 106/cm Ω0.08 106/cm Ω
0.00666
0.63
8.2.4 Electron Affinity
50.00 kJ/mol5.03 kJ/mol
0
222.8
9 Thermal
9.1 Specific Heat
0.23 J/(kg K)0.30 J/(kg K)
0.11
3.6
9.2 Molar Heat Capacity
37.03 J/mol·K26.40 J/mol·K
16.443
62.7
9.3 Thermal Conductivity
10.60 W/m·K35.40 W/m·K
6.3
429
9.4 Critical Temperature
9.5 Thermal Expansion
9.40 µm/(m·K)22.50 µm/(m·K)
4.5
97
9.6 Enthalpy
9.6.1 Enthalpy of Vaporization
359.40 kJ/mol150.00 kJ/mol
7.32
799.1
9.6.2 Enthalpy of Fusion
10.05 kJ/mol9.16 kJ/mol
2.1
35.23
9.6.3 Enthalpy of Atomization
352.00 kJ/mol163.20 kJ/mol
61.5
837
9.7 Standard Molar Entropy
68.10 J/mol.K55.00 J/mol.K
9.5
198.1