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Gadolinium vs Cadmium

Gadolinium
Cadmium
Cadmium vs Gadolinium


Periodic Table
Symbol
Gd   
Cd   
Group Number
0   
18
12   
6
Period Number
6   
5   
Block
f block   
d block   
Element Family
Lanthanide   
Transition Metal   
CAS Number
7440542   
33
7440439   
99+
Space Group Name
P63/mmc   
P63/mmc   
Space Group Number
194.00   
5
194.00   
5
Facts
Interesting Facts
  • Gadolinium is not found free in nature, hence it is not a native metal.
  • Gadolinium metal found in minerals like Monazite and Bastnaesite.
  
  • Naturally occurring minor elements include Cadmium.
  • Cadmium is released into atmosphere to control volcanic eruption and forest fires.
  • It is used for electroplating of Steel for corrosion resistance.
  • It can absorb neutrons and used in nuclear reactor to control atomic fission.
  
Sources
Found in Minerals, Mining   
Found As a By-product, Found in Minerals, Mining   
History
  
  
Who Discovered
Jean Charles Galissard de Marignac   
Karl Samuel Leberecht Hermann and Friedrich Stromeyer   
Discovery
In 1880   
In 1817   
Abundance
  
  
Abundance In Universe
2 * 10-7 %   
22
2 * 10-7 %   
22
Abundance In Sun
~0.0000002 %   
25
~0.0000006 %   
21
Abundance In Meteorites
0.00 %   
34
0.00 %   
31
Abundance In Earth's Crust
0.00 %   
30
0.00 %   
99+
Abundance In Oceans
0.00 %   
38
0.00 %   
28
Abundance In Humans
Not Available   
0.00 %   
11
Uses
Uses & Benefits
  • Its alloys are also used in making Magnets, electronic components and Data storage devices.
  • Compound of Gadolinium metal are used in magnetic resonance imaging (MRI).
  
  • It has very limited uses as it is a toxic metal and it can cause birth defects, cancer, etc.
  • Almost 80% of Cadmium metal is used in Nickel cadmium Batteries and now it is getting replaced with nickel hydride.
  
Industrial Uses
Aerospace Industry, Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry   
Aerospace Industry, Ammunition Industry, Chemical Industry, Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry   
Medical Uses
NA   
NA   
Other Uses
Alloys   
Alloys   
Biological Properties
  
  
Toxicity
Non Toxic   
Toxic   
Present in Human Body
No   
Yes   
In Blood
Not Available   
0.01 Blood/mg dm-3   
24
In Bone
Not Available   
1.80 p.p.m.   
15
Physical Properties
Melting Point
1,311.00 °C   
35
320.90 °C   
99+
Boiling Point
3,233.00 °C   
25
765.00 °C   
99+
Appearance
  
  
Physical State
Solid   
Solid   
Color
Silvery White   
Silvery Bluish-Gray   
Luster
Metallic   
Metallic   
Hardness
  
  
Mohs Hardness
Not Available   
2.00   
16
Brinell Hardness
Not Available   
203.00 MPa   
39
Vickers Hardness
510.00 MPa   
22
Not Available   
Speed of Sound
2,680.00 m/s   
34
2,310.00 m/s   
39
Optical Properties
  
  
Reflectivity
Not Available   
67.00 %   
11
Allotropes
No   
No   
α Allotropes
Not Available   
Not Available   
β Allotropes
Not Available   
Not Available   
γ Allotropes
Not Available   
Not Available   
Chemical Properties
Chemical Formula
Gd   
Cd   
Isotopes
  
  
Known Isotopes
26   
13
34   
5
Electronegativity
  
  
Pauling Electronegativity
1.20   
39
1.69   
17
Sanderson Electronegativity
Not Available   
1.98   
9
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.11   
29
1.46   
15
Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
Not Available   
1.53   
13
Allen Electronegativity
Not Available   
1.52   
27
Electropositivity
  
  
Pauling Electropositivity
2.80   
15
2.31   
37
Ionization Energies
  
  
1st Energy Level
593.40 kJ/mol   
99+
867.80 kJ/mol   
11
2nd Energy Level
1,170.00 kJ/mol   
99+
1,631.40 kJ/mol   
32
3rd Energy Level
1,990.00 kJ/mol   
99+
3,616.00 kJ/mol   
13
4th Energy Level
4,250.00 kJ/mol   
30
Not Available   
Electrochemical Equivalent
1.96 g/amp-hr   
32
2.10 g/amp-hr   
27
Electron Work Function
3.10 eV   
35
4.22 eV   
22
Other Chemical Properties
Corrosion, Flammable, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes   
Chemical Stability, Anti Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility   
Atomic Properties
Atomic Number
64   
99+
48   
99+
Electron Configuration
[Xe] 4f7 5d1 6s2   
[Kr] 4d10 5s2   
Crystal Structure
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)   
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)   
Crystal Lattice
HCP-Crystal-Structure-of-Gadolinium.jpg#100   
HCP-Crystal-Structure-of-Cadmium.jpg#100   
Atom
  
  
Number of Protons
64   
99+
48   
99+
Number of Neutrons
93   
37
64   
99+
Number of Electrons
64   
99+
48   
99+
Radius of an Atom
  
  
Atomic Radius
180.00 pm   
14
151.00 pm   
32
Covalent Radius
196.00 pm   
14
144.00 pm   
40
Van der Waals Radius
237.00 pm   
15
158.00 pm   
99+
Atomic Weight
47.87 amu   
99+
112.41 amu   
99+
Atomic Volume
19.90 cm3/mol   
20
13.10 cm3/mol   
39
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
  
  
Previous Element
Europium
  
Silver
  
Next Element
Terbium
  
Indium
  
Valence Electron Potential
46.10 (-eV)   
34
30.00 (-eV)   
99+
Lattice Constant
363.60 pm   
32
297.94 pm   
99+
Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3   
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3   
Lattice C/A Ratio
1.59   
9
1.89   
1
Mechanical Properties
Density
  
  
Density At Room Temperature
7.90 g/cm3   
99+
8.65 g/cm3   
99+
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
7.40 g/cm3   
31
8.00 g/cm3   
28
Tensile Strength
Not Available   
62.00 MPa   
16
Viscosity
Not Available   
Not Available   
Vapor Pressure
  
  
Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
0.00 (Pa)   
30
Not Available   
Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
7.39 (Pa)   
9
Not Available   
Elasticity properties
  
  
Shear Modulus
21.80 GPa   
33
19.00 GPa   
35
Bulk Modulus
37.90 GPa   
34
42.00 GPa   
29
Young's Modulus
54.80 GPa   
35
50.00 GPa   
36
Poisson Ratio
0.26   
23
0.30   
14
Other Mechanical Properties
Ductile, Malleable   
Ductile, Malleable   
Magnetic Properties
Magnetic Characteristics
  
  
Specific Gravity
7.90   
40
8.65   
36
Magnetic Ordering
Ferromagnetic   
Diamagnetic   
Electrical Properties
  
  
Electrical Property
Conductor   
Semiconductor   
Resistivity
1.31 nΩ·m   
99+
72.70 nΩ·m   
36
Electrical Conductivity
0.01 106/cm Ω   
99+
0.14 106/cm Ω   
15
Electron Affinity
50.00 kJ/mol   
21
0.00 kJ/mol   
40
Thermal Properties
Specific Heat
0.23 J/(kg K)   
27
0.23 J/(kg K)   
26
Molar Heat Capacity
37.03 J/mol·K   
2
26.02 J/mol·K   
32
Thermal Conductivity
10.60 W/m·K   
99+
96.60 W/m·K   
16
Critical Temperature
Not Available   
Not Available   
Thermal Expansion
9.40 µm/(m·K)   
99+
30.80 µm/(m·K)   
10
Enthalpy
  
  
Enthalpy of Vaporization
359.40 kJ/mol   
21
100.00 kJ/mol   
99+
Enthalpy of Fusion
10.05 kJ/mol   
36
6.19 kJ/mol   
99+
Enthalpy of Atomization
352.00 kJ/mol   
27
113.00 kJ/mol   
99+
Standard Molar Entropy
68.10 J/mol.K   
16
51.80 J/mol.K   
27
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