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Gadolinium vs Californium

Gadolinium
Californium
Californium vs Gadolinium


Periodic Table
Symbol
Gd   
Cf   
Group Number
0   
18
Not Available   
Period Number
6   
7   
Block
f block   
f block   
Element Family
Lanthanide   
Actinide   
CAS Number
7440542   
33
7440713   
20
Space Group Name
P63/mmc   
P63/mmc   
Space Group Number
194.00   
5
194.00   
5
Facts
Interesting Facts
  • Gadolinium is not found free in nature, hence it is not a native metal.
  • Gadolinium metal found in minerals like Monazite and Bastnaesite.
  
  • Californium metal is very harmful and highly radioactive.
  • Californium metal is the heaviest metal.
  
Sources
Found in Minerals, Mining   
Made by Bombarding Curium with Helium Ions   
History
  
  
Who Discovered
Jean Charles Galissard de Marignac   
Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory   
Discovery
In 1880   
In 1950   
Abundance
  
  
Abundance In Universe
2 * 10-7 %   
22
Not Available   
Abundance In Sun
~0.0000002 %   
25
~-9999 %   
Abundance In Meteorites
0.00 %   
34
Not Available   
Abundance In Earth's Crust
0.00 %   
30
Not Available   
Abundance In Oceans
0.00 %   
38
Not Available   
Uses
Uses & Benefits
  • Its alloys are also used in making Magnets, electronic components and Data storage devices.
  • Compound of Gadolinium metal are used in magnetic resonance imaging (MRI).
  
  • Californium metal has a very strong neutron emitter. It is used as a metal detector.
  • It also used as an identifier to check Water and oil layers in oil wells.
  
Industrial Uses
Aerospace Industry, Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry   
Chemical Industry   
Medical Uses
NA   
NA   
Other Uses
Alloys   
Alloys, Nuclear Research   
Biological Properties
  
  
Toxicity
Non Toxic   
Toxic   
Present in Human Body
No   
No   
In Blood
Not Available   
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3   
37
In Bone
Not Available   
0.00 p.p.m.   
36
Physical Properties
Melting Point
1,311.00 °C   
35
900.00 °C   
99+
Boiling Point
3,233.00 °C   
25
1,470.00 °C   
99+
Appearance
  
  
Physical State
Solid   
Solid   
Color
Silvery White   
Silver   
Luster
Metallic   
NA   
Hardness
  
  
Mohs Hardness
Not Available   
3.00   
12
Vickers Hardness
510.00 MPa   
22
Not Available   
Speed of Sound
2,680.00 m/s   
34
Not Available   
Optical Properties
  
  
Allotropes
No   
No   
α Allotropes
Not Available   
Not Available   
β Allotropes
Not Available   
Not Available   
γ Allotropes
Not Available   
Not Available   
Chemical Properties
Chemical Formula
Gd   
Cf   
Isotopes
  
  
Known Isotopes
26   
13
20   
19
Electronegativity
  
  
Pauling Electronegativity
1.20   
39
1.30   
32
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.11   
29
1.20   
27
Electropositivity
  
  
Pauling Electropositivity
2.80   
15
2.70   
22
Ionization Energies
  
  
1st Energy Level
593.40 kJ/mol   
99+
608.00 kJ/mol   
99+
2nd Energy Level
1,170.00 kJ/mol   
99+
1,206.00 kJ/mol   
99+
3rd Energy Level
1,990.00 kJ/mol   
99+
2,267.00 kJ/mol   
99+
4th Energy Level
4,250.00 kJ/mol   
30
3,599.00 kJ/mol   
99+
Electrochemical Equivalent
1.96 g/amp-hr   
32
3.12 g/amp-hr   
15
Electron Work Function
3.10 eV   
35
Not Available   
Other Chemical Properties
Corrosion, Flammable, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes   
Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Radioactivity, Solubility   
Atomic Properties
Atomic Number
64   
99+
98   
20
Electron Configuration
[Xe] 4f7 5d1 6s2   
[Rn] 5f10 7s2   
Crystal Structure
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)   
Double Hexagonal Close Packed (DHCP)   
Crystal Lattice
HCP-Crystal-Structure-of-Gadolinium.jpg#100   
DHCP-Crystal-Structure-of-Californium.jpg#100   
Atom
  
  
Number of Protons
64   
99+
98   
20
Number of Neutrons
93   
37
153   
9
Number of Electrons
64   
99+
98   
20
Radius of an Atom
  
  
Atomic Radius
180.00 pm   
14
186.00 pm   
9
Covalent Radius
196.00 pm   
14
Not Available   
Van der Waals Radius
237.00 pm   
15
Not Available   
Atomic Weight
47.87 amu   
99+
251.00 amu   
17
Atomic Volume
19.90 cm3/mol   
20
Not Available   
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
  
  
Previous Element
Europium
  
Berkelium
  
Next Element
Terbium
  
Einsteinium
  
Valence Electron Potential
46.10 (-eV)   
34
44.50 (-eV)   
38
Lattice Constant
363.60 pm   
32
338.00 pm   
99+
Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3   
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3   
Lattice C/A Ratio
1.59   
9
Not Available   
Mechanical Properties
Density
  
  
Density At Room Temperature
7.90 g/cm3   
99+
15.10 g/cm3   
21
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
7.40 g/cm3   
31
Not Available   
Tensile Strength
Not Available   
Not Available   
Viscosity
Not Available   
Not Available   
Vapor Pressure
  
  
Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
0.00 (Pa)   
30
Not Available   
Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
7.39 (Pa)   
9
Not Available   
Elasticity properties
  
  
Shear Modulus
21.80 GPa   
33
Not Available   
Bulk Modulus
37.90 GPa   
34
Not Available   
Young's Modulus
54.80 GPa   
35
Not Available   
Poisson Ratio
0.26   
23
Not Available   
Other Mechanical Properties
Ductile, Malleable   
Malleable, Sectile   
Magnetic Properties
Magnetic Characteristics
  
  
Specific Gravity
7.90   
40
15.10   
13
Magnetic Ordering
Ferromagnetic   
Paramagnetic   
Electrical Properties
  
  
Electrical Property
Conductor   
Unknown   
Resistivity
1.31 nΩ·m   
99+
Not Available   
Electrical Conductivity
0.01 106/cm Ω   
99+
Not Available   
Electron Affinity
50.00 kJ/mol   
21
Not Available   
Thermal Properties
Specific Heat
0.23 J/(kg K)   
27
Not Available   
Molar Heat Capacity
37.03 J/mol·K   
2
Not Available   
Thermal Conductivity
10.60 W/m·K   
99+
Not Available   
Critical Temperature
Not Available   
Not Available   
Thermal Expansion
9.40 µm/(m·K)   
99+
Not Available   
Enthalpy
  
  
Enthalpy of Vaporization
359.40 kJ/mol   
21
Not Available   
Enthalpy of Fusion
10.05 kJ/mol   
36
Not Available   
Enthalpy of Atomization
352.00 kJ/mol   
27
Not Available   
Standard Molar Entropy
68.10 J/mol.K   
16
Not Available   
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