Gadolinium vs Samarium
Periodic Table
Symbol
Gd
Sm
Group Number
0
18
Not Available
Period Number
6
6
Block
f block
f block
Element Family
Lanthanide
Lanthanide
CAS Number
7440542
33
7440199
99+
Space Group Name
P63/mmc
R_ 3m
Space Group Number
194.00
5
166.00
6
Facts
Interesting Facts
- Gadolinium is not found free in nature, hence it is not a native metal.
- Gadolinium metal found in minerals like Monazite and Bastnaesite.
- Samarium metals helps stimulating body metabolism.
- Samarium metals was 1st observed by Jean Charles Galissard de Marignac in Dydimia in 1853.
Sources
Found in Minerals, Mining
Found in Minerals, Mining, Ores of Minerals
History
Who Discovered
Jean Charles Galissard de Marignac
Lecoq de Boisbaudran
Discovery
In 1880
In 1879
Abundance
Abundance In Universe
2 * 10-7 %
22
5 * 10-7 %
19
Abundance In Sun
~0.0000002 %
25
~0.0000001 %
26
Abundance In Meteorites
0.00 %
34
0.00 %
37
Abundance In Earth's Crust
0.00 %
30
0.00 %
29
Abundance In Oceans
0.00 %
38
0.00 %
40
Uses
Uses & Benefits
- Its alloys are also used in making Magnets, electronic components and Data storage devices.
- Compound of Gadolinium metal are used in magnetic resonance imaging (MRI).
- Magnets of Samarium cobalt alloy are stronger than that of Iron and hence, they are used in microwave application.
- Samarium metal also used in optical lasers and infrared absorbing glasses and as a neutron absorber.
Industrial Uses
Aerospace Industry, Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry
Aerospace Industry, Automobile Industry, Chemical Industry, Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry
Medical Uses
NA
NA
Other Uses
Alloys
Alloys, In Nuclear Reactors
Biological Properties
Toxicity
Non Toxic
Slightly Toxic
Present in Human Body
No
Yes
In Blood
Not Available
0.01 Blood/mg dm-3
22
Physical Properties
Melting Point
1,311.00 °C
35
1,072.00 °C
99+
Boiling Point
3,233.00 °C
25
1,900.00 °C
99+
Appearance
Physical State
Solid
Solid
Color
Silvery White
Silvery White
Luster
Metallic
Lustrous
Hardness
Brinell Hardness
Not Available
441.00 MPa
27
Vickers Hardness
510.00 MPa
22
412.00 MPa
24
Speed of Sound
2,680.00 m/s
34
2,130.00 m/s
99+
Optical Properties
Allotropes
No
No
α Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
β Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
γ Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
Chemical Properties
Chemical Formula
Gd
Sm
Isotopes
Known Isotopes
26
13
30
9
Electronegativity
Pauling Electronegativity
1.20
39
1.17
40
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.11
29
1.07
32
Electropositivity
Pauling Electropositivity
2.80
15
2.83
14
Ionization Energies
1st Energy Level
593.40 kJ/mol
99+
544.50 kJ/mol
99+
2nd Energy Level
1,170.00 kJ/mol
99+
1,070.00 kJ/mol
99+
3rd Energy Level
1,990.00 kJ/mol
99+
2,260.00 kJ/mol
99+
4th Energy Level
4,250.00 kJ/mol
30
3,990.00 kJ/mol
37
Electrochemical Equivalent
1.96 g/amp-hr
32
1.87 g/amp-hr
34
Electron Work Function
3.10 eV
35
2.70 eV
99+
Other Chemical Properties
Corrosion, Flammable, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes
Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes
Atomic Properties
Atomic Number
64
99+
62
99+
Electron Configuration
[Xe] 4f7 5d1 6s2
[Xe] 4f6 6s2
Crystal Structure
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)
Rhombohedral (RHO)
Crystal Lattice
HCP-Crystal-Structure-of-Gadolinium.jpg#100
RHO-Crystal-Structure-of-Samarium.jpg#100
Atom
Number of Protons
64
99+
62
99+
Number of Neutrons
93
37
88
39
Number of Electrons
64
99+
62
99+
Radius of an Atom
Atomic Radius
180.00 pm
14
180.00 pm
14
Covalent Radius
196.00 pm
14
198.00 pm
13
Van der Waals Radius
237.00 pm
15
229.00 pm
20
Atomic Weight
47.87 amu
99+
150.36 amu
99+
Atomic Volume
19.90 cm3/mol
20
19.95 cm3/mol
19
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
Valence Electron Potential
46.10 (-eV)
34
44.80 (-eV)
37
Lattice Constant
363.60 pm
32
362.10 pm
33
Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3
Lattice C/A Ratio
1.59
9
Not Available
Mechanical Properties
Density
Density At Room Temperature
7.90 g/cm3
99+
7.52 g/cm3
99+
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
7.40 g/cm3
31
7.16 g/cm3
32
Tensile Strength
Not Available
Not Available
Viscosity
Not Available
Not Available
Vapor Pressure
Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
0.00 (Pa)
30
0.94 (Pa)
9
Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
7.39 (Pa)
9
Not Available
Elasticity properties
Shear Modulus
21.80 GPa
33
19.50 GPa
34
Bulk Modulus
37.90 GPa
34
37.80 GPa
35
Young's Modulus
54.80 GPa
35
49.70 GPa
37
Poisson Ratio
0.26
23
0.27
19
Other Mechanical Properties
Ductile, Malleable
NA
Magnetic Properties
Magnetic Characteristics
Specific Gravity
7.90
40
7.52
99+
Magnetic Ordering
Ferromagnetic
Paramagnetic
Electrical Properties
Electrical Property
Conductor
Conductor
Resistivity
1.31 nΩ·m
99+
0.94 nΩ·m
99+
Electrical Conductivity
0.01 106/cm Ω
99+
0.01 106/cm Ω
99+
Electron Affinity
50.00 kJ/mol
21
50.00 kJ/mol
21
Thermal Properties
Specific Heat
0.23 J/(kg K)
27
0.20 J/(kg K)
31
Molar Heat Capacity
37.03 J/mol·K
2
29.54 J/mol·K
7
Thermal Conductivity
10.60 W/m·K
99+
13.30 W/m·K
99+
Critical Temperature
Not Available
Not Available
Thermal Expansion
9.40 µm/(m·K)
99+
12.70 µm/(m·K)
30
Enthalpy
Enthalpy of Vaporization
359.40 kJ/mol
21
166.40 kJ/mol
99+
Enthalpy of Fusion
10.05 kJ/mol
36
8.62 kJ/mol
40
Enthalpy of Atomization
352.00 kJ/mol
27
209.00 kJ/mol
99+
Standard Molar Entropy
68.10 J/mol.K
16
69.60 J/mol.K
15
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