1 Periodic Table
1.1 Symbol
1.2 Group Number
1.3 Period Number
1.4 Block
1.5 Element Family
1.6 CAS Number
74405427440326
7429905
54386242
1.7 Space Group Name
1.8 Space Group Number
2 Facts
2.1 Interesting Facts
- Gadolinium is not found free in nature, hence it is not a native metal.
- Gadolinium metal found in minerals like Monazite and Bastnaesite.
- Thorium metal is used as an alternate option over Uranium for nuclear fuel.
- Thorium metals appearance (silvery white, soft) is somewhat similar to Lead metal.
2.2 Sources
Found in Minerals, Mining
Found in Minerals, Mining
2.3 History
2.3.1 Who Discovered
Jean Charles Galissard de Marignac
Jöns Jakob Berzelius
2.3.2 Discovery
2.4 Abundance
2.4.1 Abundance In Universe
2 * 10-7 %3 * 10-4 %
5E-09
0.11
2.4.2 Abundance In Sun
~0.0000002 %~0.0004 %
1E-08
0.1
2.4.3 Abundance In Meteorites
2.4.4 Abundance In Earth's Crust
2.4.5 Abundance In Oceans
2.4.6 Abundance In Humans
3 Uses
3.1 Uses & Benefits
- Its alloys are also used in making Magnets, electronic components and Data storage devices.
- Compound of Gadolinium metal are used in magnetic resonance imaging (MRI).
- Thorium metal is used as an allying agent for Magnesium, It imparts greater strength and resistance to temperature.
-
compound of this metal Thorium oxide is used as an industrial catalyst.
3.1.1 Industrial Uses
Aerospace Industry, Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry
Aerospace Industry, Automobile Industry, Chemical Industry, Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry
3.1.2 Medical Uses
NA
Dentistry, Surgical Instruments Manufacturing
3.1.3 Other Uses
Alloys
Alloys, Jewellery, Sculptures, Statues
3.2 Biological Properties
3.2.1 Toxicity
3.2.2 Present in Human Body
3.2.3 In Blood
NA0.00 Blood/mg dm-3
0
1970
3.2.4 In Bone
4 Physical
4.1 Melting Point
1,311.00 °C1,750.00 °C
27
3410
4.2 Boiling Point
3,233.00 °C4,790.00 °C
147
5660
4.3 Appearance
4.3.1 Physical State
4.3.2 Color
4.3.3 Luster
4.4 Hardness
4.4.1 Mohs Hardness
4.4.2 Brinell Hardness
4.4.3 Vickers Hardness
510.00 MPa295.00 MPa
121
3430
4.5 Speed of Sound
2,680.00 m/s2,490.00 m/s
818
16200
4.6 Optical Properties
4.6.1 Refractive Index
4.6.2 Reflectivity
4.7 Allotropes
4.7.1 α Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
4.7.2 β Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
4.7.3 γ Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
5 Chemical
5.1 Chemical Formula
5.2 Isotopes
5.2.1 Known Isotopes
5.3 Electronegativity
5.3.1 Pauling Electronegativity
5.3.2 Sanderson Electronegativity
5.3.3 Allred Rochow Electronegativity
5.3.4 Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
5.3.5 Allen Electronegativity
5.4 Electropositivity
5.4.1 Pauling Electropositivity
5.5 Ionization Energies
5.5.1 1st Energy Level
593.40 kJ/mol587.00 kJ/mol
375.7
26130
5.5.2 2nd Energy Level
1,170.00 kJ/mol1,110.00 kJ/mol
710.2162
28750
5.5.3 3rd Energy Level
1,990.00 kJ/mol1,978.00 kJ/mol
1600
34230
5.5.4 4th Energy Level
4,250.00 kJ/mol2,780.00 kJ/mol
2780
37066
5.5.5 5th Energy Level
5.5.6 6th Energy Level
5.5.7 7th Energy level
5.5.8 8th Energy Level
5.5.9 9th Energy Level
5.5.10 10th Energy Level
5.5.11 11th Energy Level
5.5.12 12th Energy Level
5.5.13 13th Energy Level
5.5.14 14th Energy Level
5.5.15 15th Energy Level
5.5.16 16th Energy Level
5.5.17 17th Energy Level
5.5.18 18th Energy Level
5.5.19 19th Energy Level
1.2.1 20th Energy Level
1.2.2 21st Energy Level
1.3.1 22nd Energy Level
1.3.2 23rd Energy Level
1.6.1 24th Energy Level
1.6.2 25th Energy Level
1.8.1 26th Energy Level
2.4.2 27th Energy Level
2.4.3 28th Energy Level
2.4.5 29th Energy Level
2.4.6 30th Energy Level
2.5 Electrochemical Equivalent
1.96 g/amp-hr2.16 g/amp-hr
0.16812
8.3209
2.6 Electron Work Function
2.7 Other Chemical Properties
Corrosion, Flammable, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes
Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Radioactivity
3 Atomic
3.1 Atomic Number
3.2 Electron Configuration
[Xe] 4f7 5d1 6s2
[Rn] 6d2 7s2
3.3 Crystal Structure
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)
Face Centered Cubic (FCC)
3.3.1 Crystal Lattice
3.4 Atom
3.4.1 Number of Protons
4.1.3 Number of Neutrons
4.2.4 Number of Electrons
5.2 Radius of an Atom
5.2.1 Atomic Radius
180.00 pm179.80 pm
112
265
5.3.1 Covalent Radius
196.00 pm206.00 pm
96
260
5.3.2 Van der Waals Radius
237.00 pm237.00 pm
139
348
5.6 Atomic Weight
47.87 amu232.04 amu
6.94
294
5.7 Atomic Volume
19.90 cm3/mol19.90 cm3/mol
1.39
71.07
5.9 Adjacent Atomic Numbers
5.9.1 Previous Element
5.9.2 Next Element
5.10 Valence Electron Potential
46.10 (-eV)59.30 (-eV)
8
392.42
5.12 Lattice Constant
363.60 pm508.42 pm
228.58
891.25
5.13 Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3
π/2, π/2, π/2
5.14 Lattice C/A Ratio
7 Mechanical
7.1 Density
7.1.1 Density At Room Temperature
7.90 g/cm311.72 g/cm3
0.534
40.7
7.2.2 Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
7.3 Tensile Strength
7.4 Viscosity
7.5 Vapor Pressure
7.5.1 Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
7.5.3 Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
7.39 (Pa)0.00 (Pa)
2.62E-10
774
7.6 Elasticity properties
7.6.1 Shear Modulus
21.80 GPa31.00 GPa
1.3
222
7.6.3 Bulk Modulus
37.90 GPa54.00 GPa
1.6
462
7.7.2 Young's Modulus
54.80 GPa79.00 GPa
1.7
528
7.9 Poisson Ratio
7.10 Other Mechanical Properties
Ductile, Malleable
Ductile
8 Magnetic
8.1 Magnetic Characteristics
8.1.1 Specific Gravity
8.1.3 Magnetic Ordering
Ferromagnetic
Paramagnetic
8.1.4 Permeability
8.1.6 Susceptibility
8.2 Electrical Properties
8.2.1 Electrical Property
8.2.2 Resistivity
1.31 nΩ·m157.00 nΩ·m
0.18
961
8.2.4 Electrical Conductivity
0.01 106/cm Ω0.07 106/cm Ω
0.00666
0.63
8.2.6 Electron Affinity
9 Thermal
9.1 Specific Heat
0.23 J/(kg K)0.12 J/(kg K)
0.11
3.6
9.2 Molar Heat Capacity
37.03 J/mol·K26.23 J/mol·K
16.443
62.7
9.3 Thermal Conductivity
10.60 W/m·K54.00 W/m·K
6.3
429
9.4 Critical Temperature
9.5 Thermal Expansion
9.40 µm/(m·K)11.00 µm/(m·K)
4.5
97
9.6 Enthalpy
9.6.1 Enthalpy of Vaporization
359.40 kJ/mol429.00 kJ/mol
7.32
799.1
9.6.3 Enthalpy of Fusion
10.05 kJ/mol15.48 kJ/mol
2.1
35.23
9.6.5 Enthalpy of Atomization
352.00 kJ/mol468.60 kJ/mol
61.5
837
9.7 Standard Molar Entropy
68.10 J/mol.K27.30 J/mol.K
9.5
198.1