Gallium

Copernicium

Gallium Copernicium Comparison

Gallium

Copernicium

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1 Periodic Table

1.1 Symbol

1.2 Group Number

1312

0 17

1.3 Period Number

2 7

1.4 Block

p block

d block

1.5 Element Family

Post-Transition

Transition Metal

1.6 CAS Number

744055354084263

7429905 54386242

1.7 Space Group Name

Cmca

Not Available

1.8 Space Group Number

64.00NA

11 229

2 Facts

2.1 Interesting Facts

A gram of Gallium metal can be bought for only three dollars.
Gallium metal found in ores of following things Coal, Bauxite, Diaspore, Sphalerite, Germanite and Zinc.

Not Available

2.2 Sources

Earth's crust, Found in Minerals, Mining, Ores of Minerals

Synthetically Produced

2.3 History

2.3.1 Who Discovered

Lecoq de Boisbaudran

Gesellschaft für Schwerionenforschung

2.3.2 Discovery

In 1875

In 1996

2.4 Abundance

2.4.1 Abundance In Universe

1 * 10^-6 %NA

5E-09 0.11

2.4.2 Abundance In Sun

~0.000004 %~-9999 %

1E-08 0.1

2.4.3 Abundance In Meteorites

0.00 %NA

1.7E-07 22

2.4.4 Abundance In Earth's Crust

0.00 %NA

9.9E-12 8.1

2.4.5 Abundance In Oceans

0.00 %NA

2E-23 1.1

2.4.6 Abundance In Humans

NANA

1E-13 1.4

3 Uses

3.1 Uses & Benefits

Gallium arsenide is a very important component of many semiconductors and led manufacturing.

Gallium nitride is also know as a semiconductor and it is used in Blu-ray technology, mobile smartphones and LED.

Currently known uses of Copernicium metal are limited to research purpose only.

3.1.1 Industrial Uses

Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry

3.1.2 Medical Uses

Surgical Instruments Manufacturing

3.1.3 Other Uses

Alloys

Research Purposes

3.2 Biological Properties

3.2.1 Toxicity

Non Toxic

Unknown

3.2.2 Present in Human Body

✔ ✘

3.2.3 In Blood

0.08 Blood/mg dm-3NA

0 1970

3.2.4 In Bone

NANA

0 170000

4 Physical

4.1 Melting Point

29.78 °CNA

27 3410

4.2 Boiling Point

2,403.00 °CNA

147 5660

4.3 Appearance

4.3.1 Physical State

Solid

4.3.2 Color

Silvery White

Unknown

4.3.3 Luster

Metallic

Unknown Luster

4.4 Hardness

4.4.1 Mohs Hardness

1.50NA

0.2 8.5

4.4.2 Brinell Hardness

56.80 MPaNA

0.14 3490

4.4.3 Vickers Hardness

NANA

121 3430

4.5 Speed of Sound

2,740.00 m/sNA

818 16200

4.6 Optical Properties

4.6.1 Refractive Index

NANA

1.000933 1.7229

4.6.2 Reflectivity

NANA

58 97

4.7 Allotropes

✔ ✘

4.7.1 α Allotropes

Not Available

4.7.2 β Allotropes

Not Available

4.7.3 γ Allotropes

Not Available

5 Chemical

5.1 Chemical Formula

5.2 Isotopes

5.2.1 Known Isotopes

241

0 38

5.3 Electronegativity

5.3.1 Pauling Electronegativity

1.81NA

0.7 2.54

5.3.2 Sanderson Electronegativity

2.42NA

0.22 2.56

5.3.3 Allred Rochow Electronegativity

1.82NA

0.86 1.82

5.3.4 Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity

2.01NA

0.62 2.48

5.3.5 Allen Electronegativity

1.76NA

0.659 2.7

5.4 Electropositivity

5.4.1 Pauling Electropositivity

2.19NA

1.46 3.3

5.5 Ionization Energies

5.5.1 1st Energy Level

578.80 kJ/mol1,154.90 kJ/mol

375.7 26130

5.5.2 2nd Energy Level

1,979.30 kJ/mol2,170.00 kJ/mol

710.2162 28750

5.5.3 3rd Energy Level

2,963.00 kJ/mol4,245.40 kJ/mol

1600 34230

5.5.4 4th Energy Level

6,180.00 kJ/mol5,499.70 kJ/mol

2780 37066

5.5.5 5th Energy Level

NANA

4305.2 97510

5.5.6 6th Energy Level

NANA

5715.8 105800

5.5.7 7th Energy level

NANA

7226.8 114300

5.5.8 8th Energy Level

NANA

8857.4 125300

5.5.9 9th Energy Level

NANA

14110 134700

5.5.10 10th Energy Level

NANA

17100 144300

5.5.11 11th Energy Level

NANA

19900 169988

5.5.12 12th Energy Level

NANA

22219 189368

5.5.13 13th Energy Level

NANA

26930 76015

5.5.14 14th Energy Level

NANA

29196 86450

5.5.15 15th Energy Level

NANA

41987 97510

5.5.16 16th Energy Level

NANA

47206 109480

5.5.17 17th Energy Level

NANA

52737 122200

5.5.18 18th Energy Level

NANA

58570 134810

5.5.19 19th Energy Level

NANA

64702 148700

5.5.20 20th Energy Level

NANA

80400 171200

5.5.21 21st Energy Level

NANA

87000 179100

5.5.22 22nd Energy Level

NANA

93400 184900

5.5.23 23rd Energy Level

NANA

98420 198800

5.5.24 24th Energy Level

NANA

104400 195200

5.5.25 25th Energy Level

NANA

121900 121900

5.5.26 26th Energy Level

NANA

127700 127700

5.5.27 27th Energy Level

NANA

133800 133800

5.5.28 28th Energy Level

NANA

139800 139800

5.5.29 29th Energy Level

NANA

148100 148100

5.5.30 30th Energy Level

NANA

154500 154500

5.6 Electrochemical Equivalent

0.87 g/amp-hrNA

0.16812 8.3209

5.7 Electron Work Function

4.20 eVNA

2.14 5.65

5.8 Other Chemical Properties

Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes

Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Radioactivity

6 Atomic

6.1 Atomic Number

31112

3 117

6.2 Electron Configuration

[Ar] 3d¹⁰ 4s² 4p¹

[Rn] 5f¹⁴ 6d¹⁰ 7s²

6.3 Crystal Structure

Orthorhombic (ORTH)

Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)

6.3.1 Crystal Lattice

6.4 Atom

6.4.1 Number of Protons

31112

3 117

6.4.2 Number of Neutrons

39NA

4 184

6.4.3 Number of Electrons

31112

3 117

6.5 Radius of an Atom

6.5.1 Atomic Radius

135.00 pm147.00 pm

112 265

6.5.2 Covalent Radius

122.00 pm122.00 pm

96 260

6.5.3 Van der Waals Radius

187.00 pmNA

139 348

6.6 Atomic Weight

69.72 amu285.00 amu

6.94 294

6.7 Atomic Volume

11.80 cm3/molNA

1.39 71.07

6.8 Adjacent Atomic Numbers

6.8.1 Previous Element

6.8.2 Next Element

6.9 Valence Electron Potential

69.70 (-eV)NA

8 392.42

6.10 Lattice Constant

451.97 pmNA

228.58 891.25

6.11 Lattice Angles

π/2, π/2, π/2

6.12 Lattice C/A Ratio

NANA

1.567 1.886

7 Mechanical

7.1 Density

7.1.1 Density At Room Temperature

5.91 g/cm³23.70 g/cm³

0.534 40.7

7.1.2 Density When Liquid (at m.p.)

6.10 g/cm3NA

0.512 20

7.2 Tensile Strength

NANA

2.5 11000

7.3 Viscosity

NANA

0.001526 0.001526

7.4 Vapor Pressure

7.4.1 Vapor Pressure at 1000 K

0.00 (Pa)NA

2.47E-11 121

7.4.2 Vapor Pressure at 2000 K

NANA

2.62E-10 774

7.5 Elasticity properties

7.5.1 Shear Modulus

NANA

1.3 222

7.5.2 Bulk Modulus

NANA

1.6 462

7.5.3 Young's Modulus

9.80 GPaNA

1.7 528

7.6 Poisson Ratio

0.47NA

0.032 0.47

7.7 Other Mechanical Properties

Unknown

8 Magnetic

8.1 Magnetic Characteristics

8.1.1 Specific Gravity

5.91NA

0.53 4500

8.1.2 Magnetic Ordering

Diamagnetic

Unknown

8.1.3 Permeability

NANA

1.25643E-06 0.0063

8.1.4 Susceptibility

NANA

-0.000166 200000

8.2 Electrical Properties

8.2.1 Electrical Property

Semiconductor

Unknown

8.2.2 Resistivity

270.00 nΩ·mNA

0.18 961

8.2.3 Electrical Conductivity

0.07 10⁶/cm ΩNA

0.00666 0.63

8.2.4 Electron Affinity

28.90 kJ/molNA

0 222.8

9 Thermal

9.1 Specific Heat

0.37 J/(kg K)NA

0.11 3.6

9.2 Molar Heat Capacity

25.86 J/mol·KNA

16.443 62.7

9.3 Thermal Conductivity

40.60 W/m·KNA

6.3 429

9.4 Critical Temperature

NANA

26.3 3223

9.5 Thermal Expansion

18.00 µm/(m·K)NA

4.5 97

9.6 Enthalpy

9.6.1 Enthalpy of Vaporization

256.10 kJ/molNA

7.32 799.1

9.6.2 Enthalpy of Fusion

5.59 kJ/molNA

2.1 35.23

9.6.3 Enthalpy of Atomization

276.10 kJ/molNA

61.5 837

9.7 Standard Molar Entropy

40.80 J/mol.KNA

9.5 198.1

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