Symbol
Ga
In
Group Number
1313
0
17
👆🏻
Period Number
45
2
7
👆🏻
Block
p block
p block
Element Family
Post-Transition
Post-Transition
CAS Number
74405537440746
7429905
54386242
👆🏻
Space Group Name
Cmca
I4/mmm
Space Group Number
64.00139.00
11
276
👆🏻
Interesting Facts
- A gram of Gallium metal can be bought for only three dollars.
- Gallium metal found in ores of following things Coal, Bauxite, Diaspore, Sphalerite, Germanite and Zinc.
- Luster of Indium is bright in nature.
- Reich and richer were looking for thallium in zinc metal and they discovered Indium metal.
Sources
Earth's crust, Found in Minerals, Mining, Ores of Minerals
Mining, Ores of metals
History
Who Discovered
Lecoq de Boisbaudran
Ferdinand Reich and Hieronymous Theodor Richter
Discovery
In 1875
In 1863
Abundance
Abundance In Universe
0.00 %0.00 %
0
0.11
👆🏻
Abundance In Sun
0.00 %0.00 %
0
0.1
👆🏻
Abundance In Meteorites
0.00 %0.00 %
0
22
👆🏻
Abundance In Earth's Crust
0.00 %0.00 %
1E-37
8.1
👆🏻
Abundance In Oceans
0.00 %0.00 %
0
1.1
👆🏻
Abundance In Humans
0.00 %0.00 %
0
1.4
👆🏻
Uses & Benefits
- Gallium arsenide is a very important component of many semiconductors and led manufacturing.
- Gallium nitride is also know as a semiconductor and it is used in Blu-ray technology, mobile smartphones and LED.
- It is used to produce indium tin oxide (ITO), it is used in manufacturing touch screens, flat screen TVs and solar panels.
- Its nitride, phosphide and antimonide are used in transistors and microchips.
Industrial Uses
Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry
Aerospace Industry, Automobile Industry
Medical Uses
Surgical Instruments Manufacturing
Medical Research
Other Uses
Alloys
Alloys, In Nuclear Reactors
Biological Properties
Toxicity
Non Toxic
Non Toxic
Present in Human Body
✔
✘
✔
✘
In Blood
0.08 Blood/mg dm-30.00 Blood/mg dm-3
0
1970
👆🏻
In Bone
0.00 p.p.m.0.00 p.p.m.
0
170000
👆🏻
Melting Point
29.78 °C156.61 °C
-38.83
3410
👆🏻
Boiling Point
2,403.00 °C2,000.00 °C
0
5660
👆🏻
Appearance
Physical State
Solid
Solid
Color
Silvery White
Silvery Gray
Luster
Metallic
Lustrous
Hardness
Mohs Hardness
1.501.20
0.2
8.5
👆🏻
Brinell Hardness
56.80 MPa8.80 MPa
0.14
3490
👆🏻
Vickers Hardness
111.00 MPa0.01 MPa
0
3920
👆🏻
Speed of Sound
2,740.00 m/s1,215.00 m/s
818
16200
👆🏻
Optical Properties
Refractive Index
1.813.41
0.155
3.41
👆🏻
Reflectivity
36.00 %83.00 %
5
97
👆🏻
Allotropes
✔
✘
✔
✘
α Allotropes
-
-
β Allotropes
-
-
γ Allotropes
-
-
Chemical Formula
Ga
In
Isotopes
Known Isotopes
2435
0
38
👆🏻
Electronegativity
Pauling Electronegativity
1.811.78
0
2.6
👆🏻
Sanderson Electronegativity
2.422.14
0.22
2.56
👆🏻
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.821.49
0.86
1.9
👆🏻
Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
2.011.76
0.62
2.48
👆🏻
Allen Electronegativity
1.761.66
0.659
2.7
👆🏻
Electropositivity
Pauling Electropositivity
2.192.22
1.46
3.3
👆🏻
Ionization Energies
1st Energy Level
578.80 kJ/mol558.30 kJ/mol
375.7
26130
👆🏻
2nd Energy Level
1,979.30 kJ/mol1,820.70 kJ/mol
392.8
28750
👆🏻
3rd Energy Level
2,963.00 kJ/mol2,704.00 kJ/mol
392.8
34230
👆🏻
4th Energy Level
6,180.00 kJ/mol5,210.00 kJ/mol
375.7
37066
👆🏻
5th Energy Level
5,787.00 kJ/mol5,580.00 kJ/mol
392
97510
👆🏻
6th Energy Level
5,787.00 kJ/mol5,580.00 kJ/mol
1007
105800
👆🏻
7th Energy level
5,780.00 kJ/mol5,580.00 kJ/mol
1007
114300
👆🏻
8th Energy Level
5,780.00 kJ/mol5,580.00 kJ/mol
730
125300
👆🏻
9th Energy Level
5,787.00 kJ/mol5,580.00 kJ/mol
1007
134700
👆🏻
10th Energy Level
5,787.00 kJ/mol5,580.00 kJ/mol
392
144300
👆🏻
11th Energy Level
5,780.00 kJ/mol5,580.00 kJ/mol
392
169988
👆🏻
12th Energy Level
57,800.00 kJ/mol5,580.00 kJ/mol
0
189368
👆🏻
13th Energy Level
5,780.00 kJ/mol5,580.00 kJ/mol
1007
76015
👆🏻
14th Energy Level
578.00 kJ/mol558.30 kJ/mol
380
86450
👆🏻
15th Energy Level
57,800.00 kJ/mol55,800.00 kJ/mol
33000
100700
👆🏻
16th Energy Level
57,800.00 kJ/mol558.30 kJ/mol
375.7
109480
👆🏻
17th Energy Level
578.80 kJ/mol558.30 kJ/mol
375.7
122200
👆🏻
18th Energy Level
5,787.00 kJ/mol5,580.00 kJ/mol
0
134810
👆🏻
19th Energy Level
578.80 kJ/mol558.30 kJ/mol
375.7
148700
👆🏻
20th Energy Level
578.00 kJ/mol558.00 kJ/mol
0
171200
👆🏻
21st Energy Level
578.80 kJ/mol558.30 kJ/mol
375.7
179100
👆🏻
22nd Energy Level
578.00 kJ/mol558.00 kJ/mol
330
184900
👆🏻
23rd Energy Level
578.80 kJ/mol5,581.00 kJ/mol
357.6
198800
👆🏻
24th Energy Level
578.80 kJ/mol558.30 kJ/mol
297.3
195200
👆🏻
25th Energy Level
578.00 kJ/mol558.00 kJ/mol
0
121900
👆🏻
26th Energy Level
578.80 kJ/mol558.30 kJ/mol
357.6
127700
👆🏻
27th Energy Level
578.80 kJ/mol558.30 kJ/mol
0
133800
👆🏻
28th Energy Level
578.80 kJ/mol558.30 kJ/mol
297.3
139800
👆🏻
29th Energy Level
578.80 kJ/mol558.30 kJ/mol
0
148100
👆🏻
30th Energy Level
578.80 kJ/mol558.00 kJ/mol
0
154500
👆🏻
Electrochemical Equivalent
0.87 g/amp-hr1.43 g/amp-hr
0.16812
8.3209
👆🏻
Electron Work Function
4.20 eV4.12 eV
2.14
6
👆🏻
Other Chemical Properties
Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes
Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Radioactivity, Solubility
Atomic Number
3149
3
117
👆🏻
Electron Configuration
[Ar] 3d10 4s2 4p1
[Kr] 4d10 5s2 5p1
Crystal Structure
Orthorhombic (ORTH)
Tetragonal (TETR)
Crystal Lattice
Atom
Number of Protons
3149
3
117
👆🏻
Number of Neutrons
3966
4
285
👆🏻
Number of Electrons
3149
3
117
👆🏻
Radius of an Atom
Atomic Radius
135.00 pm167.00 pm
0
348
👆🏻
Covalent Radius
122.00 pm142.00 pm
0
260
👆🏻
Van der Waals Radius
187.00 pm193.00 pm
0
348
👆🏻
Atomic Weight
69.72 amu114.82 amu
6.94
294
👆🏻
Atomic Volume
11.80 cm3/mol15.70 cm3/mol
1.39
71.07
👆🏻
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
Previous Element
Next Element
Valence Electron Potential
69.70 (-eV)54.00 (-eV)
0
392.42
👆🏻
Lattice Constant
451.97 pm325.23 pm
0
891.25
👆🏻
Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, π/2
π/2, π/2, π/2
Lattice C/A Ratio
1.301.56
0.423
1.9
👆🏻
Density
Density At Room Temperature
5.91 g/cm37.31 g/cm3
0.534
40.7
👆🏻
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
6.10 g/cm37.02 g/cm3
0.512
41
👆🏻
Tensile Strength
41.00 MPa2.50 MPa
0.1
11000
👆🏻
Viscosity
0.000.00
1.5E-05
0.0035
👆🏻
Vapor Pressure
Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
0.00 (Pa)0.01 (Pa)
0
121
👆🏻
Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
0.00 (Pa)0.00 (Pa)
0
774
👆🏻
Elasticity properties
Shear Modulus
7.20 GPa18.00 GPa
1.3
222
👆🏻
Bulk Modulus
37.30 GPa46.90 GPa
0
462
👆🏻
Young's Modulus
9.80 GPa11.00 GPa
0
528
👆🏻
Poisson Ratio
0.470.44
0.032
0.47
👆🏻
Other Mechanical Properties
-
Ductile, Malleable
Magnetic Characteristics
Specific Gravity
5.917.31
0.53
4500
👆🏻
Magnetic Ordering
Diamagnetic
Diamagnetic
Permeability
0.00 H/m0.00 H/m
1.25643E-06
0.0063
👆🏻
Susceptibility
0.000.00
-0.000166
200000
👆🏻
Electrical Properties
Electrical Property
Semiconductor
Conductor
Resistivity
270.00 nΩ·m83.70 nΩ·m
0.1
961
👆🏻
Electrical Conductivity
0.07 106/cm Ω0.12 106/cm Ω
0
0.63
👆🏻
Electron Affinity
28.90 kJ/mol28.90 kJ/mol
0
222.8
👆🏻
Specific Heat
0.37 J/(kg K)0.23 J/(kg K)
0.1
3.6
👆🏻
Molar Heat Capacity
25.86 J/mol·K26.74 J/mol·K
13.1
62.7
👆🏻
Thermal Conductivity
40.60 W/m·K81.80 W/m·K
0
429
👆🏻
Critical Temperature
302.00 K429.75 K
26.3
3695
👆🏻
Thermal Expansion
18.00 µm/(m·K)32.10 µm/(m·K)
4.5
97
👆🏻
Enthalpy
Enthalpy of Vaporization
256.10 kJ/mol226.40 kJ/mol
7.32
799.1
👆🏻
Enthalpy of Fusion
5.59 kJ/mol3.28 kJ/mol
2.1
35.23
👆🏻
Enthalpy of Atomization
276.10 kJ/mol242.70 kJ/mol
61.5
837
👆🏻
Standard Molar Entropy
40.80 J/mol.K57.80 J/mol.K
9.5
198.1
👆🏻