Gallium

Cobalt

Gallium vs Cobalt

Gallium

Cobalt

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1 Periodic Table

1.1 Symbol

1.2 Group Number

139

0 17

1.3 Period Number

2 7

1.4 Block

p block

d block

1.5 Element Family

Post-Transition

Transition Metal

1.6 CAS Number

74405537440484

7429905 54386242

1.7 Space Group Name

Cmca

P63/mmc

1.8 Space Group Number

64.00194.00

11 229

2 Facts

2.1 Interesting Facts

A gram of Gallium metal can be bought for only three dollars.
Gallium metal found in ores of following things Coal, Bauxite, Diaspore, Sphalerite, Germanite and Zinc.

The main source of Cobalt is as a by-product of copper and nickel metal mining.
Cobalt metal can be obtained from other elements like Oxygen, Sulfur and Arsenic.

It s also used in electroplating process as it exhibits anti cession properties.

2.2 Sources

Earth's crust, Found in Minerals, Mining, Ores of Minerals

Found in Compounds, Mining, Ores of Minerals

2.3 History

2.3.1 Who Discovered

Lecoq de Boisbaudran

Georg Brandt

2.3.2 Discovery

In 1875

In 1732

2.4 Abundance

2.4.1 Abundance In Universe

1 * 10^-6 %3 * 10^-4 %

5E-09 0.11

2.4.2 Abundance In Sun

~0.000004 %~0.0004 %

1E-08 0.1

2.4.3 Abundance In Meteorites

0.00 %0.06 %

1.7E-07 22

2.4.4 Abundance In Earth's Crust

0.00 %0.00 %

9.9E-12 8.1

2.4.5 Abundance In Oceans

0.00 %0.00 %

2E-23 1.1

2.4.6 Abundance In Humans

NA0.00 %

1E-13 1.4

3 Uses

3.1 Uses & Benefits

Gallium arsenide is a very important component of many semiconductors and led manufacturing.

Gallium nitride is also know as a semiconductor and it is used in Blu-ray technology, mobile smartphones and LED.

Its alloys with aluminum and nickel are used to make powerful magnets.
Few other alloys exhibit high-temperature strength and hence they are used in Turbines of Jet and Gas engine.

3.1.1 Industrial Uses

Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry

Chemical Industry, Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry

3.1.2 Medical Uses

Surgical Instruments Manufacturing

Pharmaceutical Industry

3.1.3 Other Uses

Alloys

3.2 Biological Properties

3.2.1 Toxicity

Non Toxic

Toxic

3.2.2 Present in Human Body

✔ ✘

3.2.3 In Blood

0.08 Blood/mg dm-30.04 Blood/mg dm-3

0 1970

3.2.4 In Bone

NA0.04 p.p.m.

0 170000

4 Physical

4.1 Melting Point

29.78 °C1,495.00 °C

27 3410

4.2 Boiling Point

2,403.00 °C2,870.00 °C

147 5660

4.3 Appearance

4.3.1 Physical State

Solid

4.3.2 Color

Silvery White

Gray

4.3.3 Luster

Metallic

4.4 Hardness

4.4.1 Mohs Hardness

1.505.00

0.2 8.5

4.4.2 Brinell Hardness

56.80 MPa470.00 MPa

0.14 3490

4.4.3 Vickers Hardness

NA1,043.00 MPa

121 3430

4.5 Speed of Sound

2,740.00 m/s4,720.00 m/s

818 16200

4.6 Optical Properties

4.6.1 Refractive Index

NANA

1.000933 1.7229

4.6.2 Reflectivity

NA67.00 %

58 97

4.7 Allotropes

✔ ✘

4.7.1 α Allotropes

Not Available

α-Cobalt

4.7.2 β Allotropes

Not Available

β-Cobalt

4.7.3 γ Allotropes

Not Available

5 Chemical

5.1 Chemical Formula

5.2 Isotopes

5.2.1 Known Isotopes

2426

0 38

5.3 Electronegativity

5.3.1 Pauling Electronegativity

1.811.88

0.7 2.54

5.3.2 Sanderson Electronegativity

2.422.56

0.22 2.56

5.3.3 Allred Rochow Electronegativity

1.821.70

0.86 1.82

5.3.4 Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity

2.01NA

0.62 2.48

5.3.5 Allen Electronegativity

1.761.84

0.659 2.7

5.4 Electropositivity

5.4.1 Pauling Electropositivity

2.192.12

1.46 3.3

5.5 Ionization Energies

5.5.1 1st Energy Level

578.80 kJ/mol760.40 kJ/mol

375.7 26130

5.5.2 2nd Energy Level

1,979.30 kJ/mol1,648.00 kJ/mol

710.2162 28750

5.5.3 3rd Energy Level

2,963.00 kJ/mol3,232.00 kJ/mol

1600 34230

5.5.4 4th Energy Level

6,180.00 kJ/mol4,950.00 kJ/mol

2780 37066

5.5.5 5th Energy Level

NA7,670.00 kJ/mol

4305.2 97510

5.5.6 6th Energy Level

NA9,840.00 kJ/mol

5715.8 105800

5.5.7 7th Energy level

NA12,440.00 kJ/mol

7226.8 114300

5.5.8 8th Energy Level

NA15,230.00 kJ/mol

8857.4 125300

5.5.9 9th Energy Level

NA17,959.00 kJ/mol

14110 134700

5.5.10 10th Energy Level

NA26,570.00 kJ/mol

17100 144300

5.5.11 11th Energy Level

NA29,400.00 kJ/mol

19900 169988

5.5.12 12th Energy Level

NA32,400.00 kJ/mol

22219 189368

5.5.13 13th Energy Level

NA36,600.00 kJ/mol

26930 76015

5.5.14 14th Energy Level

NA39,700.00 kJ/mol

29196 86450

5.5.15 15th Energy Level

NA42,800.00 kJ/mol

41987 97510

5.5.16 16th Energy Level

NA49,396.00 kJ/mol

47206 109480

5.5.17 17th Energy Level

NA52,737.00 kJ/mol

52737 122200

5.5.18 18th Energy Level

NA134,810.00 kJ/mol

58570 134810

5.5.19 19th Energy Level

NA145,170.00 kJ/mol

64702 148700

5.5.20 20th Energy Level

NA154,700.00 kJ/mol

80400 171200

5.5.21 21st Energy Level

NA167,400.00 kJ/mol

87000 179100

5.5.22 22nd Energy Level

NA178,100.00 kJ/mol

93400 184900

5.5.23 23rd Energy Level

NA189,300.00 kJ/mol

98420 198800

5.5.24 24th Energy Level

NANA

104400 195200

5.5.25 25th Energy Level

NANA

121900 121900

5.5.26 26th Energy Level

NANA

127700 127700

5.5.27 27th Energy Level

NANA

133800 133800

5.5.28 28th Energy Level

NANA

139800 139800

5.5.29 29th Energy Level

NANA

148100 148100

5.5.30 30th Energy Level

NANA

154500 154500

5.6 Electrochemical Equivalent

0.87 g/amp-hr1.10 g/amp-hr

0.16812 8.3209

5.7 Electron Work Function

4.20 eV5.00 eV

2.14 5.65

5.8 Other Chemical Properties

Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes

Chemical Stability, Ionization

6 Atomic

6.1 Atomic Number

3122

3 117

6.2 Electron Configuration

[Ar] 3d¹⁰ 4s² 4p¹

[Ar] 3d² 4s²

6.3 Crystal Structure

Orthorhombic (ORTH)

Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)

6.3.1 Crystal Lattice

6.4 Atom

6.4.1 Number of Protons

3122

3 117

6.4.2 Number of Neutrons

3926

4 184

6.4.3 Number of Electrons

3122

3 117

6.5 Radius of an Atom

6.5.1 Atomic Radius

135.00 pm147.00 pm

112 265

6.5.2 Covalent Radius

122.00 pm160.00 pm

96 260

6.5.3 Van der Waals Radius

187.00 pm200.00 pm

139 348

6.6 Atomic Weight

69.72 amu47.87 amu

6.94 294

6.7 Atomic Volume

11.80 cm3/mol10.64 cm3/mol

1.39 71.07

6.8 Adjacent Atomic Numbers

6.8.1 Previous Element

6.8.2 Next Element

6.9 Valence Electron Potential

69.70 (-eV)95.20 (-eV)

8 392.42

6.10 Lattice Constant

451.97 pm295.08 pm

228.58 891.25

6.11 Lattice Angles

π/2, π/2, π/2

π/2, π/2, 2 π/3

6.12 Lattice C/A Ratio

NANA

1.567 1.886

7 Mechanical

7.1 Density

7.1.1 Density At Room Temperature

5.91 g/cm³4.51 g/cm³

0.534 40.7

7.1.2 Density When Liquid (at m.p.)

6.10 g/cm34.11 g/cm3

0.512 20

7.2 Tensile Strength

NA434.00 MPa

2.5 11000

7.3 Viscosity

NANA

0.001526 0.001526

7.4 Vapor Pressure

7.4.1 Vapor Pressure at 1000 K

0.00 (Pa)NA

2.47E-11 121

7.4.2 Vapor Pressure at 2000 K

NA0.98 (Pa)

2.62E-10 774

7.5 Elasticity properties

7.5.1 Shear Modulus

NA44.00 GPa

1.3 222

7.5.2 Bulk Modulus

NA110.00 GPa

1.6 462

7.5.3 Young's Modulus

9.80 GPa116.00 GPa

1.7 528

7.6 Poisson Ratio

0.470.32

0.032 0.47

7.7 Other Mechanical Properties

Ductile

8 Magnetic

8.1 Magnetic Characteristics

8.1.1 Specific Gravity

5.914,500.00

0.53 4500

8.1.2 Magnetic Ordering

Diamagnetic

Paramagnetic

8.1.3 Permeability

NANA

1.25643E-06 0.0063

8.1.4 Susceptibility

NANA

-0.000166 200000

8.2 Electrical Properties

8.2.1 Electrical Property

Semiconductor

Poor Conductor

8.2.2 Resistivity

270.00 nΩ·m420.00 nΩ·m

0.18 961

8.2.3 Electrical Conductivity

0.07 10⁶/cm Ω0.02 10⁶/cm Ω

0.00666 0.63

8.2.4 Electron Affinity

28.90 kJ/mol7.60 kJ/mol

0 222.8

9 Thermal

9.1 Specific Heat

0.37 J/(kg K)0.52 J/(kg K)

0.11 3.6

9.2 Molar Heat Capacity

25.86 J/mol·K25.06 J/mol·K

16.443 62.7

9.3 Thermal Conductivity

40.60 W/m·K21.90 W/m·K

6.3 429

9.4 Critical Temperature

NANA

26.3 3223

9.5 Thermal Expansion

18.00 µm/(m·K)8.60 µm/(m·K)

4.5 97

9.6 Enthalpy

9.6.1 Enthalpy of Vaporization

256.10 kJ/mol429.00 kJ/mol

7.32 799.1

9.6.2 Enthalpy of Fusion

5.59 kJ/mol15.48 kJ/mol

2.1 35.23

9.6.3 Enthalpy of Atomization

276.10 kJ/mol468.60 kJ/mol

61.5 837

9.7 Standard Molar Entropy

40.80 J/mol.K27.30 J/mol.K

9.5 198.1

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