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Gallium vs Lawrencium

Gallium
Lawrencium
Lawrencium vs Gallium


Periodic Table
Symbol
Ga  
Lr  
Group Number
13  
5
3  
15
Period Number
4  
7  
Block
p block  
d block  
Element Family
Post-​Transition  
Actinide  
CAS Number
7440553  
32
22537195  
15
Space Group Name
Cmca  
-  
Space Group Number
64.00  
12
225.00  
3
Facts
Interesting Facts
  • A gram of Gallium metal can be bought for only three dollars.
  • Gallium metal found in ores of following things Coal, Bauxite, Diaspore, Sphalerite, Germanite and Zinc.
  
  • It is synthetically produced metal.
  • Radiation hazard can be produce by it.
  
Sources
Earth's crust, Found in Minerals, Mining, Ores of Minerals  
Bombarding Californium-252 with Boron Nuclei, Found in Minerals, Mining  
History
  
  
Who Discovered
Lecoq de Boisbaudran  
Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory and Joint Institute for Nuclear Research  
Discovery
In 1875  
In 1961–1971  
Abundance
  
  
Abundance In Universe
0.00 %  
17
0.00 %  
40
Abundance In Sun
0.00 %  
16
-  
Abundance In Meteorites
0.00 %  
16
0.00 %  
99+
Abundance In Earth's Crust
0.00 %  
24
0.00 %  
99+
Abundance In Oceans
0.00 %  
22
-  
Abundance In Humans
0.00 %  
24
-  
Uses
Uses & Benefits
  • Gallium arsenide is a very important component of many semiconductors and led manufacturing.
  • Gallium nitride is also know as a semiconductor and it is used in Blu-ray technology, mobile smartphones and LED.
  
  • Currently known uses of Lawrencium metal are limited to research purpose only.
  
Industrial Uses
Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry  
-  
Medical Uses
Surgical Instruments Manufacturing  
-  
Other Uses
Alloys  
-  
Biological Properties
  
  
Toxicity
Non Toxic  
-  
Present in Human Body
Yes  
No  
In Blood
0.08 Blood/mg dm-3  
13
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3  
40
In Bone
0.00 p.p.m.  
99+
0.00 p.p.m.  
99+
Physical
Melting Point
29.78 °C  
99+
1,627.00 °C  
20
Boiling Point
2,403.00 °C  
99+
0.00 °C  
99+
Appearance
  
  
Physical State
Solid  
Solid  
Color
Silvery White  
Silver  
Luster
Metallic  
Unknown Luster  
Hardness
  
  
Mohs Hardness
1.50  
19
-  
Brinell Hardness
56.80 MPa  
99+
500.00 MPa  
28
Vickers Hardness
111.00 MPa  
99+
500.00 MPa  
35
Speed of Sound
2,740.00 m/s  
99+
2,760.00 m/s  
99+
Optical Properties
  
  
Refractive Index
1.81  
20
1.30  
99+
Reflectivity
36.00 %  
33
65.00 %  
18
Allotropes
No  
No  
α Allotropes
-  
-  
β Allotropes
-  
-  
γ Allotropes
-  
-  
Chemical
Chemical Formula
Ga  
Lr  
Isotopes
  
  
Known Isotopes
24  
15
10  
28
Electronegativity
  
  
Pauling Electronegativity
1.81  
16
1.30  
33
Sanderson Electronegativity
2.42  
2
1.30  
25
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.82  
2
1.30  
25
Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
2.01  
9
1.30  
33
Allen Electronegativity
1.76  
17
1.30  
40
Electropositivity
  
  
Pauling Electropositivity
2.19  
40
2.00  
99+
Ionization Energies
  
  
1st Energy Level
578.80 kJ/mol  
99+
470.00 kJ/mol  
99+
2nd Energy Level
1,979.30 kJ/mol  
13
1,428.00 kJ/mol  
99+
3rd Energy Level
2,963.00 kJ/mol  
28
2,228.00 kJ/mol  
99+
4th Energy Level
6,180.00 kJ/mol  
16
4,910.00 kJ/mol  
31
5th Energy Level
5,787.00 kJ/mol  
99+
4,780.00 kJ/mol  
99+
6th Energy Level
5,787.00 kJ/mol  
99+
4,780.00 kJ/mol  
99+
7th Energy level
5,780.00 kJ/mol  
99+
4,780.00 kJ/mol  
99+
8th Energy Level
5,780.00 kJ/mol  
99+
4,780.00 kJ/mol  
99+
9th Energy Level
5,787.00 kJ/mol  
99+
4,780.00 kJ/mol  
99+
10th Energy Level
5,787.00 kJ/mol  
99+
5,800.00 kJ/mol  
99+
11th Energy Level
5,780.00 kJ/mol  
99+
5,800.00 kJ/mol  
99+
12th Energy Level
57,800.00 kJ/mol  
20
47,800.00 kJ/mol  
22
13th Energy Level
5,780.00 kJ/mol  
99+
4,780.00 kJ/mol  
99+
14th Energy Level
578.00 kJ/mol  
99+
1,186.00 kJ/mol  
99+
15th Energy Level
57,800.00 kJ/mol  
99+
47,800.00 kJ/mol  
99+
16th Energy Level
57,800.00 kJ/mol  
99+
470.00 kJ/mol  
99+
17th Energy Level
578.80 kJ/mol  
99+
1,186.00 kJ/mol  
15
18th Energy Level
5,787.00 kJ/mol  
99+
4,780.00 kJ/mol  
99+
19th Energy Level
578.80 kJ/mol  
99+
1,186.00 kJ/mol  
12
20th Energy Level
578.00 kJ/mol  
99+
860.00 kJ/mol  
17
21st Energy Level
578.80 kJ/mol  
99+
1,186.00 kJ/mol  
27
22nd Energy Level
578.00 kJ/mol  
99+
388.00 kJ/mol  
99+
23rd Energy Level
578.80 kJ/mol  
99+
1,180.00 kJ/mol  
32
24th Energy Level
578.80 kJ/mol  
99+
546.10 kJ/mol  
99+
25th Energy Level
578.00 kJ/mol  
99+
0.00 kJ/mol  
99+
26th Energy Level
578.80 kJ/mol  
99+
594.70 kJ/mol  
99+
27th Energy Level
578.80 kJ/mol  
99+
470.00 kJ/mol  
99+
28th Energy Level
578.80 kJ/mol  
99+
478.00 kJ/mol  
99+
29th Energy Level
578.80 kJ/mol  
99+
580.00 kJ/mol  
99+
30th Energy Level
578.80 kJ/mol  
99+
0.00 kJ/mol  
99+
Electrochemical Equivalent
0.87 g/amp-hr  
99+
3.23 g/amp-hr  
12
Electron Work Function
4.20 eV  
30
4.90 eV  
12
Other Chemical Properties
Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes  
Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes  
Atomic
Atomic Number
31  
99+
103  
15
Electron Configuration
[Ar] 3d10 4s2 4p1  
[Rn] 5f14 7s2 7p1  
Crystal Structure
Orthorhombic (ORTH)  
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)  
Crystal Lattice
ORTH-Crystal-Structure-of-Gallium.jpg#100  
BCC-Crystal-Structure-.jpg#100  
Atom
  
  
Number of Protons
31  
99+
103  
15
Number of Neutrons
39  
99+
157  
8
Number of Electrons
31  
99+
103  
15
Radius of an Atom
  
  
Atomic Radius
135.00 pm  
99+
162.00 pm  
28
Covalent Radius
122.00 pm  
99+
162.00 pm  
31
Van der Waals Radius
187.00 pm  
39
246.00 pm  
12
Atomic Weight
69.72 amu  
99+
266.00 amu  
12
Atomic Volume
11.80 cm3/mol  
99+
35.10 cm3/mol  
7
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
  
  
Previous Element
Zinc
  
Nobelium
  
Next Element
Rubidium
  
Rutherfordium
  
Valence Electron Potential
69.70 (-eV)  
19
0.00 (-eV)  
99+
Lattice Constant
451.97 pm  
20
530.00 pm  
14
Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, π/2  
-  
Lattice C/A Ratio
1.30  
99+
1.60  
22
Mechanical
Density
  
  
Density At Room Temperature
5.91 g/cm3  
99+
15.00 g/cm3  
22
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
6.10 g/cm3  
99+
15.60 g/cm3  
20
Tensile Strength
41.00 MPa  
99+
80.00 MPa  
29
Viscosity
0.00  
23
0.00  
25
Vapor Pressure
  
  
Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
0.00 (Pa)  
15
0.00 (Pa)  
37
Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
0.00 (Pa)  
30
0.00 (Pa)  
37
Elasticity properties
  
  
Shear Modulus
7.20 GPa  
99+
30.00 GPa  
27
Bulk Modulus
37.30 GPa  
99+
15.00 GPa  
99+
Young's Modulus
9.80 GPa  
99+
210.00 GPa  
10
Poisson Ratio
0.47  
1
0.32  
12
Other Mechanical Properties
-  
-  
Magnetic
Magnetic Characteristics
  
  
Specific Gravity
5.91  
99+
15.60  
22
Magnetic Ordering
Diamagnetic  
-  
Permeability
0.00 H/m  
11
0.00 H/m  
13
Susceptibility
0.00  
7
0.00  
23
Electrical Properties
  
  
Electrical Property
Semiconductor  
-  
Resistivity
270.00 nΩ·m  
15
8.37 nΩ·m  
99+
Electrical Conductivity
0.07 106/cm Ω  
34
0.00 106/cm Ω  
99+
Electron Affinity
28.90 kJ/mol  
37
50.00 kJ/mol  
26
Thermal
Specific Heat
0.37 J/(kg K)  
16
0.22 J/(kg K)  
29
Molar Heat Capacity
25.86 J/mol·K  
99+
27.00 J/mol·K  
29
Thermal Conductivity
40.60 W/m·K  
34
0.00 W/m·K  
99+
Critical Temperature
302.00 K  
99+
1,323.00 K  
99+
Thermal Expansion
18.00 µm/(m·K)  
26
8.50 µm/(m·K)  
99+
Enthalpy
  
  
Enthalpy of Vaporization
256.10 kJ/mol  
99+
341.90 kJ/mol  
37
Enthalpy of Fusion
5.59 kJ/mol  
99+
-  
Enthalpy of Atomization
276.10 kJ/mol  
99+
580.00 kJ/mol  
14
Standard Molar Entropy
40.80 J/mol.K  
99+
54.80 J/mol.K  
35
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