Gallium vs Magnesium
Periodic Table
Symbol
Ga
Mg
Group Number
13
5
2
16
Period Number
4
3
Block
p block
s block
Element Family
Post-Transition
Alkaline Earth
CAS Number
7440553
32
7439954
99+
Space Group Name
Cmca
P63/mmc
Space Group Number
64.00
9
194.00
5
Facts
Interesting Facts
- A gram of Gallium metal can be bought for only three dollars.
- Gallium metal found in ores of following things Coal, Bauxite, Diaspore, Sphalerite, Germanite and Zinc.
- Magnesium ions are present in every chlorophyll of every green plant .
- Controlling Magnesium fire by pouring water on it will result in explosions.
Sources
Earth's crust, Found in Minerals, Mining, Ores of Minerals
By Electrolysis Process, In Ocean, Mining
History
Who Discovered
Lecoq de Boisbaudran
Joseph Black
Discovery
In 1875
In 1755
Abundance
Abundance In Universe
1 * 10-6 %
16
6 * 10-2 %
2
Abundance In Sun
~0.000004 %
16
~0.07 %
2
Abundance In Meteorites
0.00 %
16
12.00 %
2
Abundance In Earth's Crust
0.00 %
24
2.90 %
4
Abundance In Oceans
0.00 %
22
0.13 %
2
Abundance In Humans
Not Available
0.03 %
4
Uses
Uses & Benefits
- Gallium arsenide is a very important component of many semiconductors and led manufacturing.
- Gallium nitride is also know as a semiconductor and it is used in Blu-ray technology, mobile smartphones and LED.
- Magnesium aluminum alloy improves the mechanical strength and welding characteristics and hence it is used in aeroplane and car manufacturing.
- It is also used to remove sulfur from the molten iron and steel.
Industrial Uses
Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry
Aerospace Industry, Ammunition Industry, Automobile Industry, Chemical Industry, Pharmaceutical Industry
Medical Uses
Surgical Instruments Manufacturing
NA
Other Uses
Alloys
Surgical Instruments Manufacturing
Biological Properties
Toxicity
Non Toxic
Non Toxic
Present in Human Body
Yes
Yes
In Blood
0.08 Blood/mg dm-3
13
37.80 Blood/mg dm-3
5
In Bone
Not Available
1,800.00 p.p.m.
4
Physical Properties
Melting Point
29.78 °C
99+
650.00 °C
99+
Boiling Point
2,403.00 °C
99+
1,107.00 °C
99+
Appearance
Physical State
Solid
Solid
Color
Silvery White
Gray
Luster
Metallic
NA
Hardness
Mohs Hardness
1.50
18
2.50
14
Brinell Hardness
56.80 MPa
99+
260.00 MPa
36
Speed of Sound
2,740.00 m/s
31
4,940.00 m/s
11
Optical Properties
Reflectivity
Not Available
74.00 %
7
Allotropes
No
No
α Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
β Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
γ Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
Chemical Properties
Chemical Formula
Ga
Mg
Isotopes
Known Isotopes
24
15
15
24
Electronegativity
Pauling Electronegativity
1.81
15
1.31
31
Sanderson Electronegativity
2.42
2
1.32
18
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.82
1
1.23
25
Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
2.01
5
1.37
16
Allen Electronegativity
1.76
14
1.29
35
Electropositivity
Pauling Electropositivity
2.19
39
2.69
23
Ionization Energies
1st Energy Level
578.80 kJ/mol
99+
737.70 kJ/mol
24
2nd Energy Level
1,979.30 kJ/mol
13
1,450.70 kJ/mol
99+
3rd Energy Level
2,963.00 kJ/mol
28
7,732.70 kJ/mol
5
4th Energy Level
6,180.00 kJ/mol
8
10,542.50 kJ/mol
4
5th Energy Level
Not Available
13,630.00 kJ/mol
3
6th Energy Level
Not Available
18,020.00 kJ/mol
3
7th Energy level
Not Available
21,711.00 kJ/mol
3
8th Energy Level
Not Available
25,661.00 kJ/mol
3
9th Energy Level
Not Available
31,653.00 kJ/mol
3
10th Energy Level
Not Available
35,458.00 kJ/mol
5
11th Energy Level
Not Available
169,988.00 kJ/mol
1
12th Energy Level
Not Available
189,368.00 kJ/mol
1
Electrochemical Equivalent
0.87 g/amp-hr
99+
0.45 g/amp-hr
99+
Electron Work Function
4.20 eV
23
3.66 eV
29
Other Chemical Properties
Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes
Corrosion, Highly Inflammable, Ionization, Solubility
Atomic Properties
Atomic Number
31
99+
12
99+
Electron Configuration
[Ar] 3d10 4s2 4p1
[Ne] 3s2
Crystal Structure
Orthorhombic (ORTH)
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)
Crystal Lattice
ORTH-Crystal-Structure-of-Gallium.jpg#100
HCP-Crystal-Structure-of-Magnesium.jpg#100
Atom
Number of Protons
31
99+
12
99+
Number of Neutrons
39
99+
12
99+
Number of Electrons
31
99+
12
99+
Radius of an Atom
Atomic Radius
135.00 pm
99+
160.00 pm
27
Covalent Radius
122.00 pm
99+
141.00 pm
99+
Van der Waals Radius
187.00 pm
32
173.00 pm
37
Atomic Weight
69.72 amu
99+
24.31 amu
99+
Atomic Volume
11.80 cm3/mol
99+
13.97 cm3/mol
37
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
Valence Electron Potential
69.70 (-eV)
19
40.00 (-eV)
99+
Lattice Constant
451.97 pm
18
320.94 pm
99+
Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, π/2
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3
Lattice C/A Ratio
Not Available
Not Available
Mechanical Properties
Density
Density At Room Temperature
5.91 g/cm3
99+
1.74 g/cm3
99+
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
6.10 g/cm3
99+
1.58 g/cm3
99+
Tensile Strength
Not Available
Not Available
Viscosity
Not Available
Not Available
Vapor Pressure
Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
0.00 (Pa)
15
Not Available
Elasticity properties
Shear Modulus
Not Available
17.00 GPa
37
Bulk Modulus
Not Available
45.00 GPa
25
Young's Modulus
9.80 GPa
99+
45.00 GPa
39
Poisson Ratio
0.47
1
0.29
15
Other Mechanical Properties
NA
NA
Magnetic Properties
Magnetic Characteristics
Specific Gravity
5.91
99+
1.74
99+
Magnetic Ordering
Diamagnetic
Paramagnetic
Electrical Properties
Electrical Property
Semiconductor
Conductor
Resistivity
270.00 nΩ·m
15
43.90 nΩ·m
99+
Electrical Conductivity
0.07 106/cm Ω
29
0.23 106/cm Ω
7
Electron Affinity
28.90 kJ/mol
31
0.00 kJ/mol
40
Thermal Properties
Specific Heat
0.37 J/(kg K)
16
1.02 J/(kg K)
4
Molar Heat Capacity
25.86 J/mol·K
35
24.87 J/mol·K
99+
Thermal Conductivity
40.60 W/m·K
34
156.00 W/m·K
8
Critical Temperature
Not Available
Not Available
Thermal Expansion
18.00 µm/(m·K)
24
24.80 µm/(m·K)
15
Enthalpy
Enthalpy of Vaporization
256.10 kJ/mol
36
128.70 kJ/mol
99+
Enthalpy of Fusion
5.59 kJ/mol
99+
8.95 kJ/mol
39
Enthalpy of Atomization
276.10 kJ/mol
39
148.50 kJ/mol
99+
Standard Molar Entropy
40.80 J/mol.K
38
32.70 J/mol.K
99+
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