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Gallium vs Molybdenum

Gallium
Molybdenum
Molybdenum vs Gallium


Periodic Table
Symbol
Ga   
Mo   
Group Number
13   
5
6   
12
Period Number
4   
5   
Block
p block   
d block   
Element Family
Post-​Transition   
Transition Metal   
CAS Number
7440553   
32
7439987   
99+
Space Group Name
Cmca   
Im_ 3m   
Space Group Number
64.00   
9
229.00   
1
Facts
Interesting Facts
  • A gram of Gallium metal can be bought for only three dollars.
  • Gallium metal found in ores of following things Coal, Bauxite, Diaspore, Sphalerite, Germanite and Zinc.
  
  • Molybdenum is highly reactive metal, hence not found free in nature .
  • Till 18th century Molybdenum element were often mistaken as a carbon or Lead.
  
Sources
Earth's crust, Found in Minerals, Mining, Ores of Minerals   
Found in Minerals, Mining, Ores of Minerals   
History
  
  
Who Discovered
Lecoq de Boisbaudran   
Carl Wilhelm Scheele   
Discovery
In 1875   
In 1778   
Abundance
  
  
Abundance In Universe
1 * 10-6 %   
16
5 * 10-7 %   
19
Abundance In Sun
~0.000004 %   
16
~0.0000009 %   
19
Abundance In Meteorites
0.00 %   
16
0.00 %   
24
Abundance In Earth's Crust
0.00 %   
24
0.00 %   
39
Abundance In Oceans
0.00 %   
22
0.00 %   
9
Abundance In Humans
Not Available   
0.00 %   
14
Uses
Uses & Benefits
  • Gallium arsenide is a very important component of many semiconductors and led manufacturing.
  • Gallium nitride is also know as a semiconductor and it is used in Blu-ray technology, mobile smartphones and LED.
  
  • Its alloys are used to make engine parts, drills, saw blade, etc.
  • Lubricant additive made up of Molybdenum disulfide is commonly used in the industry. It is also used as a catalyst.
  
Industrial Uses
Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry   
Aerospace Industry, Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry   
Medical Uses
Surgical Instruments Manufacturing   
NA   
Other Uses
Alloys   
Alloys   
Biological Properties
  
  
Toxicity
Non Toxic   
Toxic   
Present in Human Body
Yes   
Yes   
In Blood
0.08 Blood/mg dm-3   
13
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3   
31
In Bone
Not Available   
0.70 p.p.m.   
18
Physical Properties
Melting Point
29.78 °C   
99+
2,617.00 °C   
5
Boiling Point
2,403.00 °C   
99+
4,612.00 °C   
9
Appearance
  
  
Physical State
Solid   
Solid   
Color
Silvery White   
Gray   
Luster
Metallic   
Metallic   
Hardness
  
  
Mohs Hardness
1.50   
18
5.50   
7
Brinell Hardness
56.80 MPa   
99+
1,370.00 MPa   
7
Vickers Hardness
Not Available   
1,400.00 MPa   
6
Speed of Sound
2,740.00 m/s   
31
5,400.00 m/s   
6
Optical Properties
  
  
Reflectivity
Not Available   
58.00 %   
15
Allotropes
No   
No   
α Allotropes
Not Available   
Not Available   
β Allotropes
Not Available   
Not Available   
γ Allotropes
Not Available   
Not Available   
Chemical Properties
Chemical Formula
Ga   
Mo   
Isotopes
  
  
Known Isotopes
24   
15
25   
14
Electronegativity
  
  
Pauling Electronegativity
1.81   
15
2.16   
5
Sanderson Electronegativity
2.42   
2
1.15   
19
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.82   
1
1.30   
24
Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
2.01   
5
Not Available   
Allen Electronegativity
1.76   
14
2.16   
3
Electropositivity
  
  
Pauling Electropositivity
2.19   
39
1.84   
99+
Ionization Energies
  
  
1st Energy Level
578.80 kJ/mol   
99+
684.30 kJ/mol   
37
2nd Energy Level
1,979.30 kJ/mol   
13
1,560.00 kJ/mol   
37
3rd Energy Level
2,963.00 kJ/mol   
28
2,618.00 kJ/mol   
99+
4th Energy Level
6,180.00 kJ/mol   
8
4,480.00 kJ/mol   
26
5th Energy Level
Not Available   
5,257.00 kJ/mol   
32
6th Energy Level
Not Available   
6,640.80 kJ/mol   
22
7th Energy level
Not Available   
12,125.00 kJ/mol   
13
8th Energy Level
Not Available   
13,860.00 kJ/mol   
16
9th Energy Level
Not Available   
15,835.00 kJ/mol   
16
10th Energy Level
Not Available   
17,980.00 kJ/mol   
18
11th Energy Level
Not Available   
20,190.00 kJ/mol   
17
12th Energy Level
Not Available   
22,219.00 kJ/mol   
15
13th Energy Level
Not Available   
26,930.00 kJ/mol   
13
14th Energy Level
Not Available   
29,196.00 kJ/mol   
13
15th Energy Level
Not Available   
52,490.00 kJ/mol   
7
16th Energy Level
Not Available   
55,000.00 kJ/mol   
8
17th Energy Level
Not Available   
61,400.00 kJ/mol   
9
18th Energy Level
Not Available   
67,700.00 kJ/mol   
9
19th Energy Level
Not Available   
74,000.00 kJ/mol   
9
20th Energy Level
Not Available   
80,400.00 kJ/mol   
10
21st Energy Level
Not Available   
87,000.00 kJ/mol   
9
22nd Energy Level
Not Available   
93,400.00 kJ/mol   
7
23rd Energy Level
Not Available   
98,420.00 kJ/mol   
6
24th Energy Level
Not Available   
104,400.00 kJ/mol   
2
25th Energy Level
Not Available   
121,900.00 kJ/mol   
1
26th Energy Level
Not Available   
127,700.00 kJ/mol   
1
27th Energy Level
Not Available   
133,800.00 kJ/mol   
1
28th Energy Level
Not Available   
139,800.00 kJ/mol   
1
29th Energy Level
Not Available   
148,100.00 kJ/mol   
1
30th Energy Level
Not Available   
154,500.00 kJ/mol   
1
Electrochemical Equivalent
0.87 g/amp-hr   
99+
0.89 g/amp-hr   
99+
Electron Work Function
4.20 eV   
23
4.60 eV   
12
Other Chemical Properties
Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes   
Anti Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility   
Atomic Properties
Atomic Number
31   
99+
42   
99+
Electron Configuration
[Ar] 3d10 4s2 4p1   
[Kr] 4d5 5s1   
Crystal Structure
Orthorhombic (ORTH)   
Body Centered Cubic (BCC)   
Crystal Lattice
ORTH-Crystal-Structure-of-Gallium.jpg#100   
BCC-Crystal-Structure-.jpg#100   
Atom
  
  
Number of Protons
31   
99+
42   
99+
Number of Neutrons
39   
99+
54   
99+
Number of Electrons
31   
99+
42   
99+
Radius of an Atom
  
  
Atomic Radius
135.00 pm   
99+
139.00 pm   
39
Covalent Radius
122.00 pm   
99+
154.00 pm   
32
Van der Waals Radius
187.00 pm   
32
200.00 pm   
28
Atomic Weight
69.72 amu   
99+
95.95 amu   
99+
Atomic Volume
11.80 cm3/mol   
99+
9.40 cm3/mol   
99+
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
  
  
Previous Element
Zinc
  
Niobium
  
Next Element
Rubidium
  
Technetium
  
Valence Electron Potential
69.70 (-eV)   
19
88.60 (-eV)   
13
Lattice Constant
451.97 pm   
18
314.70 pm   
99+
Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, π/2   
π/2, π/2, π/2   
Lattice C/A Ratio
Not Available   
Not Available   
Mechanical Properties
Density
  
  
Density At Room Temperature
5.91 g/cm3   
99+
10.28 g/cm3   
36
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
6.10 g/cm3   
99+
9.33 g/cm3   
20
Tensile Strength
Not Available   
324.00 MPa   
13
Viscosity
Not Available   
Not Available   
Vapor Pressure
  
  
Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
0.00 (Pa)   
15
Not Available   
Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
Not Available   
0.00 (Pa)   
26
Elasticity properties
  
  
Shear Modulus
Not Available   
126.00 GPa   
8
Bulk Modulus
Not Available   
230.00 GPa   
6
Young's Modulus
9.80 GPa   
99+
329.00 GPa   
6
Poisson Ratio
0.47   
1
0.31   
13
Other Mechanical Properties
NA   
Ductile, Weldable   
Magnetic Properties
Magnetic Characteristics
  
  
Specific Gravity
5.91   
99+
10.22   
27
Magnetic Ordering
Diamagnetic   
Paramagnetic   
Electrical Properties
  
  
Electrical Property
Semiconductor   
Semiconductor   
Resistivity
270.00 nΩ·m   
15
53.40 nΩ·m   
99+
Electrical Conductivity
0.07 106/cm Ω   
29
0.19 106/cm Ω   
11
Electron Affinity
28.90 kJ/mol   
31
71.90 kJ/mol   
14
Thermal Properties
Specific Heat
0.37 J/(kg K)   
16
0.25 J/(kg K)   
21
Molar Heat Capacity
25.86 J/mol·K   
35
24.06 J/mol·K   
99+
Thermal Conductivity
40.60 W/m·K   
34
138.00 W/m·K   
12
Critical Temperature
Not Available   
Not Available   
Thermal Expansion
18.00 µm/(m·K)   
24
4.80 µm/(m·K)   
99+
Enthalpy
  
  
Enthalpy of Vaporization
256.10 kJ/mol   
36
594.10 kJ/mol   
8
Enthalpy of Fusion
5.59 kJ/mol   
99+
27.61 kJ/mol   
5
Enthalpy of Atomization
276.10 kJ/mol   
39
653.00 kJ/mol   
7
Standard Molar Entropy
40.80 J/mol.K   
38
28.70 J/mol.K   
99+
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