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Molybdenum vs Thallium

Molybdenum
Thallium
Thallium vs Molybdenum


Periodic Table
Symbol
Mo  
Tl  
Group Number
6  
12
13  
5
Period Number
5  
6  
Block
d block  
p block  
Element Family
Transition Metal  
Post-​Transition  
CAS Number
7439987  
99+
7440280  
99+
Space Group Name
Im_ 3m  
P63/mmc  
Space Group Number
229.00  
2
194.00  
7
Facts
Interesting Facts
  • Molybdenum is highly reactive metal, hence not found free in nature .
  • Till 18th century Molybdenum element were often mistaken as a carbon or Lead.
  
  • Compounds of Thallium metal are highly Toxic.
  • Thallium metal is being suspected as a human carcinogen.
  
Sources
Found in Minerals, Mining, Ores of Minerals  
Found As a By-product, Ores of metals, Ores of Minerals  
History
  
  
Who Discovered
Carl Wilhelm Scheele  
William Crookes  
Discovery
In 1778  
In 1861  
Abundance
  
  
Abundance In Universe
0.00 %  
20
0.00 %  
33
Abundance In Sun
0.00 %  
19
0.00 %  
26
Abundance In Meteorites
0.00 %  
24
0.00 %  
99+
Abundance In Earth's Crust
0.00 %  
39
0.00 %  
99+
Abundance In Oceans
0.00 %  
9
0.00 %  
34
Abundance In Humans
0.00 %  
17
0.00 %  
24
Uses
Uses & Benefits
  • Its alloys are used to make engine parts, drills, saw blade, etc.
  • Lubricant additive made up of Molybdenum disulfide is commonly used in the industry. It is also used as a catalyst.
  
  • Thallium is a toxic metal and hence it has limited uses. Thallium metal is mostly used for producing photoelectric cells.
  • In thermometer’s mercury alloy has 8% of thallium, as it has a melting point lower than 20°C.
  
Industrial Uses
Aerospace Industry, Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry  
Chemical Industry  
Medical Uses
-  
Medical Research  
Other Uses
Alloys  
Alloys  
Biological Properties
  
  
Toxicity
Toxic  
Highly Toxic  
Present in Human Body
Yes  
Yes  
In Blood
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3  
31
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3  
37
In Bone
0.70 p.p.m.  
20
0.00 p.p.m.  
38
Physical
Melting Point
2,617.00 °C  
5
303.50 °C  
99+
Boiling Point
4,612.00 °C  
9
1,457.00 °C  
99+
Appearance
  
  
Physical State
Solid  
Solid  
Color
Gray  
Silvery White  
Luster
Metallic  
-  
Hardness
  
  
Mohs Hardness
5.50  
7
1.20  
21
Brinell Hardness
1,370.00 MPa  
7
26.50 MPa  
99+
Vickers Hardness
1,400.00 MPa  
11
120.00 MPa  
99+
Speed of Sound
5,400.00 m/s  
9
818.00 m/s  
99+
Optical Properties
  
  
Refractive Index
2.00  
15
1.90  
18
Reflectivity
58.00 %  
25
8.00 %  
37
Allotropes
No  
No  
α Allotropes
-  
-  
β Allotropes
-  
-  
γ Allotropes
-  
-  
Chemical
Chemical Formula
Mo  
Tl  
Isotopes
  
  
Known Isotopes
25  
14
32  
7
Electronegativity
  
  
Pauling Electronegativity
2.16  
6
1.62  
22
Sanderson Electronegativity
1.15  
34
2.25  
6
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.30  
25
1.44  
18
Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
2.16  
7
1.96  
11
Allen Electronegativity
2.16  
3
1.79  
16
Electropositivity
  
  
Pauling Electropositivity
1.84  
99+
2.38  
33
Ionization Energies
  
  
1st Energy Level
684.30 kJ/mol  
37
589.40 kJ/mol  
99+
2nd Energy Level
1,560.00 kJ/mol  
38
1,971.00 kJ/mol  
14
3rd Energy Level
2,618.00 kJ/mol  
99+
2,878.00 kJ/mol  
32
4th Energy Level
4,480.00 kJ/mol  
36
5,890.00 kJ/mol  
17
5th Energy Level
5,257.00 kJ/mol  
99+
5,890.00 kJ/mol  
99+
6th Energy Level
6,640.80 kJ/mol  
99+
5,890.00 kJ/mol  
99+
7th Energy level
12,125.00 kJ/mol  
13
5,890.00 kJ/mol  
99+
8th Energy Level
13,860.00 kJ/mol  
16
5,890.00 kJ/mol  
99+
9th Energy Level
15,835.00 kJ/mol  
16
5,890.00 kJ/mol  
99+
10th Energy Level
17,980.00 kJ/mol  
18
5,890.00 kJ/mol  
99+
11th Energy Level
20,190.00 kJ/mol  
17
5,890.00 kJ/mol  
99+
12th Energy Level
22,219.00 kJ/mol  
38
5,890.00 kJ/mol  
99+
13th Energy Level
26,930.00 kJ/mol  
13
5,890.00 kJ/mol  
99+
14th Energy Level
29,196.00 kJ/mol  
13
5,890.00 kJ/mol  
37
15th Energy Level
52,490.00 kJ/mol  
99+
58,900.00 kJ/mol  
99+
16th Energy Level
55,000.00 kJ/mol  
99+
58,900.00 kJ/mol  
38
17th Energy Level
61,400.00 kJ/mol  
9
589.40 kJ/mol  
99+
18th Energy Level
67,700.00 kJ/mol  
9
5,890.00 kJ/mol  
99+
19th Energy Level
74,000.00 kJ/mol  
9
589.40 kJ/mol  
99+
20th Energy Level
80,400.00 kJ/mol  
10
589.00 kJ/mol  
99+
21st Energy Level
87,000.00 kJ/mol  
9
589.40 kJ/mol  
99+
22nd Energy Level
93,400.00 kJ/mol  
7
589.00 kJ/mol  
99+
23rd Energy Level
98,420.00 kJ/mol  
6
589.40 kJ/mol  
99+
24th Energy Level
104,400.00 kJ/mol  
2
589.40 kJ/mol  
99+
25th Energy Level
121,900.00 kJ/mol  
1
589.40 kJ/mol  
99+
26th Energy Level
127,700.00 kJ/mol  
1
589.40 kJ/mol  
99+
27th Energy Level
133,800.00 kJ/mol  
1
589.40 kJ/mol  
99+
28th Energy Level
139,800.00 kJ/mol  
1
589.40 kJ/mol  
99+
29th Energy Level
148,100.00 kJ/mol  
1
589.40 kJ/mol  
99+
30th Energy Level
154,500.00 kJ/mol  
1
589.40 kJ/mol  
99+
Electrochemical Equivalent
0.89 g/amp-hr  
99+
7.63 g/amp-hr  
2
Electron Work Function
4.60 eV  
17
3.84 eV  
39
Other Chemical Properties
Anti Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility  
Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility  
Atomic
Atomic Number
42  
99+
81  
35
Electron Configuration
[Kr] 4d5 5s1  
[Xe] 4f14 5d10 6s2 6p1  
Crystal Structure
Body Centered Cubic (BCC)  
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)  
Crystal Lattice
BCC-Crystal-Structure-.jpg#100  
BCC-Crystal-Structure-.jpg#100  
Atom
  
  
Number of Protons
42  
99+
81  
35
Number of Neutrons
54  
99+
123  
21
Number of Electrons
42  
99+
81  
35
Radius of an Atom
  
  
Atomic Radius
139.00 pm  
99+
170.00 pm  
24
Covalent Radius
154.00 pm  
34
145.00 pm  
99+
Van der Waals Radius
200.00 pm  
35
196.00 pm  
37
Atomic Weight
95.95 amu  
99+
204.38 amu  
31
Atomic Volume
9.40 cm3/mol  
99+
17.20 cm3/mol  
99+
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
  
  
Previous Element
Niobium
  
Mercury
  
Next Element
Technetium
  
Lead
  
Valence Electron Potential
88.60 (-eV)  
13
9.60 (-eV)  
99+
Lattice Constant
314.70 pm  
99+
345.66 pm  
99+
Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, π/2  
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3  
Lattice C/A Ratio
1.03  
99+
1.60  
23
Mechanical
Density
  
  
Density At Room Temperature
10.28 g/cm3  
39
11.85 g/cm3  
33
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
9.33 g/cm3  
99+
11.22 g/cm3  
33
Tensile Strength
324.00 MPa  
15
47.00 MPa  
39
Viscosity
0.00  
5
0.00  
22
Vapor Pressure
  
  
Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
0.00 (Pa)  
22
16.90 (Pa)  
5
Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
0.00 (Pa)  
27
0.00 (Pa)  
38
Elasticity properties
  
  
Shear Modulus
126.00 GPa  
8
2.80 GPa  
99+
Bulk Modulus
230.00 GPa  
6
43.00 GPa  
33
Young's Modulus
329.00 GPa  
6
8.00 GPa  
99+
Poisson Ratio
0.31  
13
0.45  
2
Other Mechanical Properties
Ductile, Weldable  
Ductile, Sectile  
Magnetic
Magnetic Characteristics
  
  
Specific Gravity
10.22  
40
11.85  
35
Magnetic Ordering
Paramagnetic  
Diamagnetic  
Permeability
0.00 H/m  
9
0.00 H/m  
17
Susceptibility
0.00  
29
0.00  
28
Electrical Properties
  
  
Electrical Property
Semiconductor  
Conductor  
Resistivity
53.40 nΩ·m  
99+
0.18 nΩ·m  
99+
Electrical Conductivity
0.19 106/cm Ω  
11
0.06 106/cm Ω  
37
Electron Affinity
71.90 kJ/mol  
16
19.20 kJ/mol  
38
Thermal
Specific Heat
0.25 J/(kg K)  
21
0.13 J/(kg K)  
40
Molar Heat Capacity
24.06 J/mol·K  
99+
26.32 J/mol·K  
37
Thermal Conductivity
138.00 W/m·K  
12
46.10 W/m·K  
33
Critical Temperature
2,896.00 K  
6
577.00 K  
99+
Thermal Expansion
4.80 µm/(m·K)  
99+
29.90 µm/(m·K)  
12
Enthalpy
  
  
Enthalpy of Vaporization
594.10 kJ/mol  
9
162.10 kJ/mol  
99+
Enthalpy of Fusion
27.61 kJ/mol  
5
4.27 kJ/mol  
99+
Enthalpy of Atomization
653.00 kJ/mol  
7
179.90 kJ/mol  
99+
Standard Molar Entropy
28.70 J/mol.K  
99+
64.20 J/mol.K  
20
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