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Thallium vs Vanadium

Thallium
Vanadium
Vanadium vs Thallium


Periodic Table
Symbol
Tl   
V   
Group Number
13   
5
5   
13
Period Number
6   
4   
Block
p block   
d block   
Element Family
Post-​Transition   
Transition Metal   
CAS Number
7440280   
99+
7440622   
27
Space Group Name
P63/mmc   
Im_ 3m   
Space Group Number
194.00   
5
229.00   
1
Facts
Interesting Facts
  • Compounds of Thallium metal are highly Toxic.
  • Thallium metal is being suspected as a human carcinogen.
  
  • Vanadium is a highly reactive metal, hence it is not found free in nature.
  • Vanadium can be found in almost 65 different types of minerals.
  
Sources
Found As a By-product, Ores of metals, Ores of Minerals   
Found As a By-product, Found in Minerals, Mining, Ores of Minerals   
History
  
  
Who Discovered
William Crookes   
Andrés Manuel del Río   
Discovery
In 1861   
In 1801   
Abundance
  
  
Abundance In Universe
5 * 10-9 %   
32
1 * 10-4 %   
10
Abundance In Sun
~0.0000001 %   
26
~0.00004 %   
13
Abundance In Meteorites
0.00 %   
99+
0.01 %   
14
Abundance In Earth's Crust
0.00 %   
99+
0.02 %   
12
Abundance In Oceans
0.00 %   
34
0.00 %   
14
Abundance In Humans
Not Available   
0.00 %   
16
Uses
Uses & Benefits
  • Thallium is a toxic metal and hence it has limited uses. Thallium metal is mostly used for producing photoelectric cells.
  • In thermometer’s mercury alloy has 8% of thallium, as it has a melting point lower than 20°C.
  
  • Its ally with steel is used very tough and hence it is used in armor plates, axles, piston rods, tools and crankshafts.
  • Its oxide is used as pigments for glass and ceramics.
  
Industrial Uses
Chemical Industry   
Aerospace Industry, Automobile Industry, Chemical Industry   
Medical Uses
Medical Research   
NA   
Other Uses
Alloys   
Alloys   
Biological Properties
  
  
Toxicity
Highly Toxic   
Toxic   
Present in Human Body
Yes   
Yes   
In Blood
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3   
34
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3   
36
In Bone
0.00 p.p.m.   
33
0.00 p.p.m.   
31
Physical Properties
Melting Point
303.50 °C   
99+
1,890.00 °C   
13
Boiling Point
1,457.00 °C   
99+
3,380.00 °C   
20
Appearance
  
  
Physical State
Solid   
Solid   
Color
Silvery White   
Blue-Silver Grey   
Luster
NA   
Metallic   
Hardness
  
  
Mohs Hardness
1.20   
20
6.70   
4
Brinell Hardness
26.50 MPa   
99+
600.00 MPa   
20
Vickers Hardness
Not Available   
628.00 MPa   
17
Speed of Sound
818.00 m/s   
99+
4,560.00 m/s   
17
Optical Properties
  
  
Reflectivity
Not Available   
61.00 %   
14
Allotropes
No   
No   
α Allotropes
Not Available   
Not Available   
β Allotropes
Not Available   
Not Available   
γ Allotropes
Not Available   
Not Available   
Chemical Properties
Chemical Formula
Tl   
V   
Isotopes
  
  
Known Isotopes
32   
7
22   
17
Electronegativity
  
  
Pauling Electronegativity
1.62   
21
1.63   
20
Sanderson Electronegativity
2.25   
5
1.39   
17
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.44   
17
1.45   
16
Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
1.96   
6
Not Available   
Allen Electronegativity
1.79   
13
1.53   
26
Electropositivity
  
  
Pauling Electropositivity
2.38   
33
2.37   
34
Ionization Energies
  
  
1st Energy Level
589.40 kJ/mol   
99+
650.90 kJ/mol   
99+
2nd Energy Level
1,971.00 kJ/mol   
14
1,414.00 kJ/mol   
99+
3rd Energy Level
2,878.00 kJ/mol   
32
2,830.00 kJ/mol   
35
4th Energy Level
Not Available   
4,507.00 kJ/mol   
25
5th Energy Level
Not Available   
6,298.70 kJ/mol   
23
6th Energy Level
Not Available   
12,363.00 kJ/mol   
5
7th Energy level
Not Available   
14,530.00 kJ/mol   
5
8th Energy Level
Not Available   
16,730.00 kJ/mol   
7
9th Energy Level
Not Available   
19,860.00 kJ/mol   
7
10th Energy Level
Not Available   
22,240.00 kJ/mol   
12
11th Energy Level
Not Available   
24,670.00 kJ/mol   
15
12th Energy Level
Not Available   
29,730.00 kJ/mol   
12
13th Energy Level
Not Available   
32,446.00 kJ/mol   
12
14th Energy Level
Not Available   
86,450.00 kJ/mol   
1
15th Energy Level
Not Available   
94,170.00 kJ/mol   
2
16th Energy Level
Not Available   
102,300.00 kJ/mol   
3
17th Energy Level
Not Available   
112,700.00 kJ/mol   
4
18th Energy Level
Not Available   
121,600.00 kJ/mol   
5
19th Energy Level
Not Available   
130,700.00 kJ/mol   
6
20th Energy Level
Not Available   
143,400.00 kJ/mol   
8
21st Energy Level
Not Available   
151,440.00 kJ/mol   
8
Electrochemical Equivalent
7.63 g/amp-hr   
2
0.38 g/amp-hr   
99+
Electron Work Function
3.84 eV   
28
4.30 eV   
18
Other Chemical Properties
Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility   
Anti Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes   
Atomic Properties
Atomic Number
81   
35
23   
99+
Electron Configuration
[Xe] 4f14 5d10 6s2 6p1   
[Ar] 3d3 4s2   
Crystal Structure
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)   
Body Centered Cubic (BCC)   
Crystal Lattice
BCC-Crystal-Structure-.jpg#100   
BCC-Crystal-Structure-.jpg#100   
Atom
  
  
Number of Protons
81   
35
23   
99+
Number of Neutrons
123   
20
28   
99+
Number of Electrons
81   
35
23   
99+
Radius of an Atom
  
  
Atomic Radius
170.00 pm   
22
134.00 pm   
99+
Covalent Radius
145.00 pm   
39
153.00 pm   
33
Van der Waals Radius
196.00 pm   
30
200.00 pm   
28
Atomic Weight
204.38 amu   
31
50.94 amu   
99+
Atomic Volume
17.20 cm3/mol   
31
8.78 cm3/mol   
99+
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
  
  
Previous Element
Mercury
  
Titanium
  
Next Element
Lead
  
Chromium
  
Valence Electron Potential
9.60 (-eV)   
99+
120.00 (-eV)   
6
Lattice Constant
345.66 pm   
99+
303.00 pm   
99+
Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3   
π/2, π/2, π/2   
Lattice C/A Ratio
1.60   
6
Not Available   
Mechanical Properties
Density
  
  
Density At Room Temperature
11.85 g/cm3   
31
6.00 g/cm3   
99+
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
11.22 g/cm3   
13
5.50 g/cm3   
99+
Tensile Strength
Not Available   
800.00 MPa   
6
Viscosity
Not Available   
Not Available   
Vapor Pressure
  
  
Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
16.90 (Pa)   
5
Not Available   
Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
Not Available   
0.23 (Pa)   
16
Elasticity properties
  
  
Shear Modulus
2.80 GPa   
99+
47.00 GPa   
16
Bulk Modulus
43.00 GPa   
28
160.00 GPa   
11
Young's Modulus
8.00 GPa   
99+
128.00 GPa   
15
Poisson Ratio
0.45   
2
0.37   
7
Other Mechanical Properties
Ductile, Sectile   
Ductile, Malleable   
Magnetic Properties
Magnetic Characteristics
  
  
Specific Gravity
11.85   
22
5.96   
99+
Magnetic Ordering
Diamagnetic   
Paramagnetic   
Electrical Properties
  
  
Electrical Property
Conductor   
Superconductor   
Resistivity
0.18 nΩ·m   
99+
197.00 nΩ·m   
19
Electrical Conductivity
0.06 106/cm Ω   
32
0.05 106/cm Ω   
35
Electron Affinity
19.20 kJ/mol   
32
50.60 kJ/mol   
20
Thermal Properties
Specific Heat
0.13 J/(kg K)   
39
0.49 J/(kg K)   
10
Molar Heat Capacity
26.32 J/mol·K   
29
24.89 J/mol·K   
99+
Thermal Conductivity
46.10 W/m·K   
33
30.70 W/m·K   
39
Critical Temperature
Not Available   
Not Available   
Thermal Expansion
29.90 µm/(m·K)   
12
8.40 µm/(m·K)   
99+
Enthalpy
  
  
Enthalpy of Vaporization
162.10 kJ/mol   
99+
458.60 kJ/mol   
14
Enthalpy of Fusion
4.27 kJ/mol   
99+
17.57 kJ/mol   
14
Enthalpy of Atomization
179.90 kJ/mol   
99+
514.60 kJ/mol   
13
Standard Molar Entropy
64.20 J/mol.K   
19
28.90 J/mol.K   
99+
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