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Vanadium vs Thallium

Vanadium
Thallium
Thallium vs Vanadium


Periodic Table
Symbol
V  
Tl  
Group Number
5  
13
13  
5
Period Number
4  
6  
Block
d block  
p block  
Element Family
Transition Metal  
Post-​Transition  
CAS Number
7440622  
27
7440280  
99+
Space Group Name
Im_ 3m  
P63/mmc  
Space Group Number
229.00  
2
194.00  
7
Facts
Interesting Facts
  • Vanadium is a highly reactive metal, hence it is not found free in nature.
  • Vanadium can be found in almost 65 different types of minerals.
  
  • Compounds of Thallium metal are highly Toxic.
  • Thallium metal is being suspected as a human carcinogen.
  
Sources
Found As a By-product, Found in Minerals, Mining, Ores of Minerals  
Found As a By-product, Ores of metals, Ores of Minerals  
History
  
  
Who Discovered
Andrés Manuel del Río  
William Crookes  
Discovery
In 1801  
In 1861  
Abundance
  
  
Abundance In Universe
0.00 %  
11
0.00 %  
33
Abundance In Sun
0.00 %  
13
0.00 %  
26
Abundance In Meteorites
0.01 %  
14
0.00 %  
99+
Abundance In Earth's Crust
0.02 %  
12
0.00 %  
99+
Abundance In Oceans
0.00 %  
14
0.00 %  
34
Abundance In Humans
0.00 %  
19
0.00 %  
24
Uses
Uses & Benefits
  • Its ally with steel is used very tough and hence it is used in armor plates, axles, piston rods, tools and crankshafts.
  • Its oxide is used as pigments for glass and ceramics.
  
  • Thallium is a toxic metal and hence it has limited uses. Thallium metal is mostly used for producing photoelectric cells.
  • In thermometer’s mercury alloy has 8% of thallium, as it has a melting point lower than 20°C.
  
Industrial Uses
Aerospace Industry, Automobile Industry, Chemical Industry  
Chemical Industry  
Medical Uses
-  
Medical Research  
Other Uses
Alloys  
Alloys  
Biological Properties
  
  
Toxicity
Toxic  
Highly Toxic  
Present in Human Body
Yes  
Yes  
In Blood
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3  
39
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3  
37
In Bone
0.00 p.p.m.  
36
0.00 p.p.m.  
38
Physical
Melting Point
1,890.00 °C  
13
303.50 °C  
99+
Boiling Point
3,380.00 °C  
21
1,457.00 °C  
99+
Appearance
  
  
Physical State
Solid  
Solid  
Color
Blue-Silver Grey  
Silvery White  
Luster
Metallic  
-  
Hardness
  
  
Mohs Hardness
6.70  
4
1.20  
21
Brinell Hardness
600.00 MPa  
24
26.50 MPa  
99+
Vickers Hardness
628.00 MPa  
25
120.00 MPa  
99+
Speed of Sound
4,560.00 m/s  
22
818.00 m/s  
99+
Optical Properties
  
  
Refractive Index
2.05  
13
1.90  
18
Reflectivity
61.00 %  
22
8.00 %  
37
Allotropes
No  
No  
α Allotropes
-  
-  
β Allotropes
-  
-  
γ Allotropes
-  
-  
Chemical
Chemical Formula
V  
Tl  
Isotopes
  
  
Known Isotopes
22  
17
32  
7
Electronegativity
  
  
Pauling Electronegativity
1.63  
21
1.62  
22
Sanderson Electronegativity
1.39  
21
2.25  
6
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.45  
17
1.44  
18
Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
1.63  
21
1.96  
11
Allen Electronegativity
1.53  
29
1.79  
16
Electropositivity
  
  
Pauling Electropositivity
2.37  
34
2.38  
33
Ionization Energies
  
  
1st Energy Level
650.90 kJ/mol  
99+
589.40 kJ/mol  
99+
2nd Energy Level
1,414.00 kJ/mol  
99+
1,971.00 kJ/mol  
14
3rd Energy Level
2,830.00 kJ/mol  
36
2,878.00 kJ/mol  
32
4th Energy Level
4,507.00 kJ/mol  
35
5,890.00 kJ/mol  
17
5th Energy Level
6,298.70 kJ/mol  
38
5,890.00 kJ/mol  
99+
6th Energy Level
12,363.00 kJ/mol  
6
5,890.00 kJ/mol  
99+
7th Energy level
14,530.00 kJ/mol  
5
5,890.00 kJ/mol  
99+
8th Energy Level
16,730.00 kJ/mol  
7
5,890.00 kJ/mol  
99+
9th Energy Level
19,860.00 kJ/mol  
7
5,890.00 kJ/mol  
99+
10th Energy Level
22,240.00 kJ/mol  
12
5,890.00 kJ/mol  
99+
11th Energy Level
24,670.00 kJ/mol  
15
5,890.00 kJ/mol  
99+
12th Energy Level
29,730.00 kJ/mol  
34
5,890.00 kJ/mol  
99+
13th Energy Level
32,446.00 kJ/mol  
12
5,890.00 kJ/mol  
99+
14th Energy Level
86,450.00 kJ/mol  
1
5,890.00 kJ/mol  
37
15th Energy Level
94,170.00 kJ/mol  
3
58,900.00 kJ/mol  
99+
16th Energy Level
102,300.00 kJ/mol  
3
58,900.00 kJ/mol  
38
17th Energy Level
112,700.00 kJ/mol  
4
589.40 kJ/mol  
99+
18th Energy Level
121,600.00 kJ/mol  
5
5,890.00 kJ/mol  
99+
19th Energy Level
130,700.00 kJ/mol  
6
589.40 kJ/mol  
99+
20th Energy Level
143,400.00 kJ/mol  
8
589.00 kJ/mol  
99+
21st Energy Level
151,440.00 kJ/mol  
8
589.40 kJ/mol  
99+
22nd Energy Level
650.00 kJ/mol  
32
589.00 kJ/mol  
99+
23rd Energy Level
650.90 kJ/mol  
99+
589.40 kJ/mol  
99+
24th Energy Level
650.90 kJ/mol  
34
589.40 kJ/mol  
99+
25th Energy Level
650.90 kJ/mol  
36
589.40 kJ/mol  
99+
26th Energy Level
650.90 kJ/mol  
35
589.40 kJ/mol  
99+
27th Energy Level
650.90 kJ/mol  
36
589.40 kJ/mol  
99+
28th Energy Level
650.90 kJ/mol  
99+
589.40 kJ/mol  
99+
29th Energy Level
650.90 kJ/mol  
99+
589.40 kJ/mol  
99+
30th Energy Level
650.90 kJ/mol  
38
589.40 kJ/mol  
99+
Electrochemical Equivalent
0.38 g/amp-hr  
99+
7.63 g/amp-hr  
2
Electron Work Function
4.30 eV  
25
3.84 eV  
39
Other Chemical Properties
Anti Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes  
Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility  
Atomic
Atomic Number
23  
99+
81  
35
Electron Configuration
[Ar] 3d3 4s2  
[Xe] 4f14 5d10 6s2 6p1  
Crystal Structure
Body Centered Cubic (BCC)  
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)  
Crystal Lattice
BCC-Crystal-Structure-.jpg#100  
BCC-Crystal-Structure-.jpg#100  
Atom
  
  
Number of Protons
23  
99+
81  
35
Number of Neutrons
28  
99+
123  
21
Number of Electrons
23  
99+
81  
35
Radius of an Atom
  
  
Atomic Radius
134.00 pm  
99+
170.00 pm  
24
Covalent Radius
153.00 pm  
35
145.00 pm  
99+
Van der Waals Radius
200.00 pm  
35
196.00 pm  
37
Atomic Weight
50.94 amu  
99+
204.38 amu  
31
Atomic Volume
8.78 cm3/mol  
99+
17.20 cm3/mol  
99+
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
  
  
Previous Element
Titanium
  
Mercury
  
Next Element
Chromium
  
Lead
  
Valence Electron Potential
120.00 (-eV)  
6
9.60 (-eV)  
99+
Lattice Constant
303.00 pm  
99+
345.66 pm  
99+
Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, π/2  
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3  
Lattice C/A Ratio
1.70  
9
1.60  
23
Mechanical
Density
  
  
Density At Room Temperature
6.00 g/cm3  
99+
11.85 g/cm3  
33
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
5.50 g/cm3  
99+
11.22 g/cm3  
33
Tensile Strength
800.00 MPa  
6
47.00 MPa  
39
Viscosity
0.00  
11
0.00  
22
Vapor Pressure
  
  
Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
0.00 (Pa)  
37
16.90 (Pa)  
5
Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
0.23 (Pa)  
16
0.00 (Pa)  
38
Elasticity properties
  
  
Shear Modulus
47.00 GPa  
16
2.80 GPa  
99+
Bulk Modulus
160.00 GPa  
11
43.00 GPa  
33
Young's Modulus
128.00 GPa  
17
8.00 GPa  
99+
Poisson Ratio
0.37  
7
0.45  
2
Other Mechanical Properties
Ductile, Malleable  
Ductile, Sectile  
Magnetic
Magnetic Characteristics
  
  
Specific Gravity
5.96  
99+
11.85  
35
Magnetic Ordering
Paramagnetic  
Diamagnetic  
Permeability
0.00 H/m  
15
0.00 H/m  
17
Susceptibility
0.00  
8
0.00  
28
Electrical Properties
  
  
Electrical Property
Superconductor  
Conductor  
Resistivity
197.00 nΩ·m  
19
0.18 nΩ·m  
99+
Electrical Conductivity
0.05 106/cm Ω  
40
0.06 106/cm Ω  
37
Electron Affinity
50.60 kJ/mol  
25
19.20 kJ/mol  
38
Thermal
Specific Heat
0.49 J/(kg K)  
10
0.13 J/(kg K)  
40
Molar Heat Capacity
24.89 J/mol·K  
99+
26.32 J/mol·K  
37
Thermal Conductivity
30.70 W/m·K  
40
46.10 W/m·K  
33
Critical Temperature
2,183.00 K  
15
577.00 K  
99+
Thermal Expansion
8.40 µm/(m·K)  
99+
29.90 µm/(m·K)  
12
Enthalpy
  
  
Enthalpy of Vaporization
458.60 kJ/mol  
19
162.10 kJ/mol  
99+
Enthalpy of Fusion
17.57 kJ/mol  
14
4.27 kJ/mol  
99+
Enthalpy of Atomization
514.60 kJ/mol  
17
179.90 kJ/mol  
99+
Standard Molar Entropy
28.90 J/mol.K  
99+
64.20 J/mol.K  
20
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