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Thallium vs Zirconium

Thallium
Zirconium
Zirconium vs Thallium


Periodic Table
Symbol
Tl  
Zr  
Group Number
13  
5
4  
14
Period Number
6  
5  
Block
p block  
d block  
Element Family
Post-​Transition  
Transition Metal  
CAS Number
7440280  
99+
7440677  
23
Space Group Name
P63/mmc  
P63/mmc  
Space Group Number
194.00  
7
194.00  
7
Facts
Interesting Facts
  • Compounds of Thallium metal are highly Toxic.
  • Thallium metal is being suspected as a human carcinogen.
  
  • Zirconium metal can resist to weak acids.
  • Zirconium metal reacts with oxygen and nitrogen in the atmosphere.
  
Sources
Found As a By-product, Ores of metals, Ores of Minerals  
Found in Minerals, Mining, Ores of Minerals  
History
  
  
Who Discovered
William Crookes  
Martin Heinrich Klaproth  
Discovery
In 1861  
In 1789  
Abundance
  
  
Abundance In Universe
0.00 %  
33
0.00 %  
14
Abundance In Sun
0.00 %  
26
0.00 %  
16
Abundance In Meteorites
0.00 %  
99+
0.00 %  
17
Abundance In Earth's Crust
0.00 %  
99+
0.01 %  
14
Abundance In Oceans
0.00 %  
34
0.00 %  
23
Abundance In Humans
0.00 %  
24
0.00 %  
18
Uses
Uses & Benefits
  • Thallium is a toxic metal and hence it has limited uses. Thallium metal is mostly used for producing photoelectric cells.
  • In thermometer’s mercury alloy has 8% of thallium, as it has a melting point lower than 20°C.
  
  • As this metal does not absorb neutrons; It is used in nuclear power stations.
  • Its oxide is used in ultra strong ceramics. It is also used in manufacturing Crucibles.
  
Industrial Uses
Chemical Industry  
Aerospace Industry, Ammunition Industry  
Medical Uses
Medical Research  
-  
Other Uses
Alloys  
Alloys, Nuclear Research, Research Purposes  
Biological Properties
  
  
Toxicity
Highly Toxic  
-  
Present in Human Body
Yes  
Yes  
In Blood
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3  
37
0.01 Blood/mg dm-3  
21
In Bone
0.00 p.p.m.  
38
0.10 p.p.m.  
28
Physical
Melting Point
303.50 °C  
99+
1,852.00 °C  
15
Boiling Point
1,457.00 °C  
99+
4,377.00 °C  
11
Appearance
  
  
Physical State
Solid  
Solid  
Color
Silvery White  
Silvery White  
Luster
-  
Lustrous  
Hardness
  
  
Mohs Hardness
1.20  
21
5.00  
8
Brinell Hardness
26.50 MPa  
99+
638.00 MPa  
21
Vickers Hardness
120.00 MPa  
99+
820.00 MPa  
22
Speed of Sound
818.00 m/s  
99+
3,800.00 m/s  
27
Optical Properties
  
  
Refractive Index
1.90  
18
2.15  
10
Reflectivity
8.00 %  
37
70.00 %  
13
Allotropes
No  
No  
α Allotropes
-  
-  
β Allotropes
-  
-  
γ Allotropes
-  
-  
Chemical
Chemical Formula
Tl  
Zr  
Isotopes
  
  
Known Isotopes
32  
7
24  
15
Electronegativity
  
  
Pauling Electronegativity
1.62  
22
1.33  
31
Sanderson Electronegativity
2.25  
6
0.90  
99+
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.44  
18
1.22  
27
Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
1.96  
11
1.33  
32
Allen Electronegativity
1.79  
16
1.32  
39
Electropositivity
  
  
Pauling Electropositivity
2.38  
33
2.67  
24
Ionization Energies
  
  
1st Energy Level
589.40 kJ/mol  
99+
640.10 kJ/mol  
99+
2nd Energy Level
1,971.00 kJ/mol  
14
1,270.00 kJ/mol  
99+
3rd Energy Level
2,878.00 kJ/mol  
32
2,218.00 kJ/mol  
99+
4th Energy Level
5,890.00 kJ/mol  
17
3,313.00 kJ/mol  
99+
5th Energy Level
5,890.00 kJ/mol  
99+
7,752.00 kJ/mol  
16
6th Energy Level
5,890.00 kJ/mol  
99+
9,500.00 kJ/mol  
21
7th Energy level
5,890.00 kJ/mol  
99+
6,400.00 kJ/mol  
99+
8th Energy Level
5,890.00 kJ/mol  
99+
6,400.00 kJ/mol  
99+
9th Energy Level
5,890.00 kJ/mol  
99+
6,400.00 kJ/mol  
40
10th Energy Level
5,890.00 kJ/mol  
99+
5,730.00 kJ/mol  
99+
11th Energy Level
5,890.00 kJ/mol  
99+
6,406.00 kJ/mol  
99+
12th Energy Level
5,890.00 kJ/mol  
99+
6,400.00 kJ/mol  
99+
13th Energy Level
5,890.00 kJ/mol  
99+
6,400.00 kJ/mol  
36
14th Energy Level
5,890.00 kJ/mol  
37
640.00 kJ/mol  
99+
15th Energy Level
58,900.00 kJ/mol  
99+
64,000.00 kJ/mol  
36
16th Energy Level
58,900.00 kJ/mol  
38
64,000.00 kJ/mol  
27
17th Energy Level
589.40 kJ/mol  
99+
640.10 kJ/mol  
99+
18th Energy Level
5,890.00 kJ/mol  
99+
6,400.00 kJ/mol  
38
19th Energy Level
589.40 kJ/mol  
99+
640.00 kJ/mol  
99+
20th Energy Level
589.00 kJ/mol  
99+
640.00 kJ/mol  
39
21st Energy Level
589.40 kJ/mol  
99+
640.10 kJ/mol  
99+
22nd Energy Level
589.00 kJ/mol  
99+
640.00 kJ/mol  
33
23rd Energy Level
589.40 kJ/mol  
99+
640.10 kJ/mol  
99+
24th Energy Level
589.40 kJ/mol  
99+
640.00 kJ/mol  
35
25th Energy Level
589.40 kJ/mol  
99+
640.10 kJ/mol  
37
26th Energy Level
589.40 kJ/mol  
99+
640.10 kJ/mol  
36
27th Energy Level
589.40 kJ/mol  
99+
640.10 kJ/mol  
38
28th Energy Level
589.40 kJ/mol  
99+
640.10 kJ/mol  
99+
29th Energy Level
589.40 kJ/mol  
99+
640.10 kJ/mol  
99+
30th Energy Level
589.40 kJ/mol  
99+
640.10 kJ/mol  
39
Electrochemical Equivalent
7.63 g/amp-hr  
2
0.85 g/amp-hr  
99+
Electron Work Function
3.84 eV  
39
4.05 eV  
34
Other Chemical Properties
Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility  
Anti Corrosion, Flammable, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility  
Atomic
Atomic Number
81  
35
40  
99+
Electron Configuration
[Xe] 4f14 5d10 6s2 6p1  
[Kr] 4d2 5s2  
Crystal Structure
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)  
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)  
Crystal Lattice
BCC-Crystal-Structure-.jpg#100  
HCP-Crystal-Structure-of-Zirconium.jpg#100  
Atom
  
  
Number of Protons
81  
35
40  
99+
Number of Neutrons
123  
21
51  
99+
Number of Electrons
81  
35
40  
99+
Radius of an Atom
  
  
Atomic Radius
170.00 pm  
24
160.00 pm  
29
Covalent Radius
145.00 pm  
99+
175.00 pm  
25
Van der Waals Radius
196.00 pm  
37
200.00 pm  
35
Atomic Weight
204.38 amu  
31
91.22 amu  
99+
Atomic Volume
17.20 cm3/mol  
99+
14.10 cm3/mol  
99+
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
  
  
Previous Element
Mercury
  
Yttrium
  
Next Element
Lead
  
Niobium
  
Valence Electron Potential
9.60 (-eV)  
99+
80.00 (-eV)  
18
Lattice Constant
345.66 pm  
99+
323.20 pm  
99+
Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3  
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3  
Lattice C/A Ratio
1.60  
23
1.59  
25
Mechanical
Density
  
  
Density At Room Temperature
11.85 g/cm3  
33
6.52 g/cm3  
99+
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
11.22 g/cm3  
33
5.80 g/cm3  
99+
Tensile Strength
47.00 MPa  
39
330.00 MPa  
14
Viscosity
0.00  
22
0.00  
12
Vapor Pressure
  
  
Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
16.90 (Pa)  
5
0.00 (Pa)  
37
Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
0.00 (Pa)  
38
0.00 (Pa)  
21
Elasticity properties
  
  
Shear Modulus
2.80 GPa  
99+
33.00 GPa  
23
Bulk Modulus
43.00 GPa  
33
91.10 GPa  
18
Young's Modulus
8.00 GPa  
99+
88.00 GPa  
24
Poisson Ratio
0.45  
2
0.34  
10
Other Mechanical Properties
Ductile, Sectile  
Ductile, Malleable  
Magnetic
Magnetic Characteristics
  
  
Specific Gravity
11.85  
35
6.51  
99+
Magnetic Ordering
Diamagnetic  
Paramagnetic  
Permeability
0.00 H/m  
17
0.00 H/m  
17
Susceptibility
0.00  
28
0.00  
24
Electrical Properties
  
  
Electrical Property
Conductor  
Conductor  
Resistivity
0.18 nΩ·m  
99+
421.00 nΩ·m  
11
Electrical Conductivity
0.06 106/cm Ω  
37
0.02 106/cm Ω  
99+
Electron Affinity
19.20 kJ/mol  
38
41.10 kJ/mol  
32
Thermal
Specific Heat
0.13 J/(kg K)  
40
0.27 J/(kg K)  
19
Molar Heat Capacity
26.32 J/mol·K  
37
25.36 J/mol·K  
99+
Thermal Conductivity
46.10 W/m·K  
33
22.60 W/m·K  
99+
Critical Temperature
577.00 K  
99+
2,128.00 K  
17
Thermal Expansion
29.90 µm/(m·K)  
12
5.70 µm/(m·K)  
99+
Enthalpy
  
  
Enthalpy of Vaporization
162.10 kJ/mol  
99+
581.60 kJ/mol  
11
Enthalpy of Fusion
4.27 kJ/mol  
99+
20.90 kJ/mol  
11
Enthalpy of Atomization
179.90 kJ/mol  
99+
598.00 kJ/mol  
12
Standard Molar Entropy
64.20 J/mol.K  
20
39.00 J/mol.K  
99+
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