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Zirconium vs Thallium

Zirconium
Thallium
Thallium vs Zirconium


Periodic Table
Symbol
Zr   
Tl   
Group Number
4   
14
13   
5
Period Number
5   
6   
Block
d block   
p block   
Element Family
Transition Metal   
Post-​Transition   
CAS Number
7440677   
23
7440280   
99+
Space Group Name
P63/mmc   
P63/mmc   
Space Group Number
194.00   
5
194.00   
5
Facts
Interesting Facts
  • Zirconium metal can resist to weak acids.
  • Zirconium metal reacts with oxygen and nitrogen in the atmosphere.
  
  • Compounds of Thallium metal are highly Toxic.
  • Thallium metal is being suspected as a human carcinogen.
  
Sources
Found in Minerals, Mining, Ores of Minerals   
Found As a By-product, Ores of metals, Ores of Minerals   
History
  
  
Who Discovered
Martin Heinrich Klaproth   
William Crookes   
Discovery
In 1789   
In 1861   
Abundance
  
  
Abundance In Universe
5 * 10-6 %   
13
5 * 10-9 %   
32
Abundance In Sun
~0.000004 %   
16
~0.0000001 %   
26
Abundance In Meteorites
0.00 %   
17
0.00 %   
99+
Abundance In Earth's Crust
0.01 %   
14
0.00 %   
99+
Abundance In Oceans
0.00 %   
23
0.00 %   
34
Abundance In Humans
0.00 %   
15
Not Available   
Uses
Uses & Benefits
  • As this metal does not absorb neutrons; It is used in nuclear power stations.
  • Its oxide is used in ultra strong ceramics. It is also used in manufacturing Crucibles.
  
  • Thallium is a toxic metal and hence it has limited uses. Thallium metal is mostly used for producing photoelectric cells.
  • In thermometer’s mercury alloy has 8% of thallium, as it has a melting point lower than 20°C.
  
Industrial Uses
Aerospace Industry, Ammunition Industry   
Chemical Industry   
Medical Uses
NA   
Medical Research   
Other Uses
Alloys, Nuclear Research, Research Purposes   
Alloys   
Biological Properties
  
  
Toxicity
NA   
Highly Toxic   
Present in Human Body
Yes   
Yes   
In Blood
0.01 Blood/mg dm-3   
21
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3   
34
In Bone
0.10 p.p.m.   
23
0.00 p.p.m.   
33
Physical Properties
Melting Point
1,852.00 °C   
15
303.50 °C   
99+
Boiling Point
4,377.00 °C   
11
1,457.00 °C   
99+
Appearance
  
  
Physical State
Solid   
Solid   
Color
Silvery White   
Silvery White   
Luster
Lustrous   
NA   
Hardness
  
  
Mohs Hardness
5.00   
8
1.20   
20
Brinell Hardness
638.00 MPa   
19
26.50 MPa   
99+
Vickers Hardness
820.00 MPa   
15
Not Available   
Speed of Sound
3,800.00 m/s   
20
818.00 m/s   
99+
Optical Properties
  
  
Allotropes
No   
No   
α Allotropes
Not Available   
Not Available   
β Allotropes
Not Available   
Not Available   
γ Allotropes
Not Available   
Not Available   
Chemical Properties
Chemical Formula
Zr   
Tl   
Isotopes
  
  
Known Isotopes
24   
15
32   
7
Electronegativity
  
  
Pauling Electronegativity
1.33   
30
1.62   
21
Sanderson Electronegativity
0.90   
25
2.25   
5
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.22   
26
1.44   
17
Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
Not Available   
1.96   
6
Allen Electronegativity
1.32   
34
1.79   
13
Electropositivity
  
  
Pauling Electropositivity
2.67   
24
2.38   
33
Ionization Energies
  
  
1st Energy Level
640.10 kJ/mol   
99+
589.40 kJ/mol   
99+
2nd Energy Level
1,270.00 kJ/mol   
99+
1,971.00 kJ/mol   
14
3rd Energy Level
2,218.00 kJ/mol   
99+
2,878.00 kJ/mol   
32
4th Energy Level
3,313.00 kJ/mol   
99+
Not Available   
5th Energy Level
7,752.00 kJ/mol   
10
Not Available   
6th Energy Level
9,500.00 kJ/mol   
15
Not Available   
Electrochemical Equivalent
0.85 g/amp-hr   
99+
7.63 g/amp-hr   
2
Electron Work Function
4.05 eV   
26
3.84 eV   
28
Other Chemical Properties
Anti Corrosion, Flammable, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility   
Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility   
Atomic Properties
Atomic Number
40   
99+
81   
35
Electron Configuration
[Kr] 4d2 5s2   
[Xe] 4f14 5d10 6s2 6p1   
Crystal Structure
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)   
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)   
Crystal Lattice
HCP-Crystal-Structure-of-Zirconium.jpg#100   
BCC-Crystal-Structure-.jpg#100   
Atom
  
  
Number of Protons
40   
99+
81   
35
Number of Neutrons
51   
99+
123   
20
Number of Electrons
40   
99+
81   
35
Radius of an Atom
  
  
Atomic Radius
160.00 pm   
27
170.00 pm   
22
Covalent Radius
175.00 pm   
23
145.00 pm   
39
Van der Waals Radius
200.00 pm   
28
196.00 pm   
30
Atomic Weight
91.22 amu   
99+
204.38 amu   
31
Atomic Volume
14.10 cm3/mol   
36
17.20 cm3/mol   
31
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
  
  
Previous Element
Yttrium
  
Mercury
  
Next Element
Niobium
  
Lead
  
Valence Electron Potential
80.00 (-eV)   
18
9.60 (-eV)   
99+
Lattice Constant
323.20 pm   
99+
345.66 pm   
99+
Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3   
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3   
Lattice C/A Ratio
1.59   
8
1.60   
6
Mechanical Properties
Density
  
  
Density At Room Temperature
6.52 g/cm3   
99+
11.85 g/cm3   
31
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
5.80 g/cm3   
99+
11.22 g/cm3   
13
Tensile Strength
330.00 MPa   
12
Not Available   
Viscosity
Not Available   
Not Available   
Vapor Pressure
  
  
Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
Not Available   
16.90 (Pa)   
5
Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
0.00 (Pa)   
21
Not Available   
Elasticity properties
  
  
Shear Modulus
33.00 GPa   
20
2.80 GPa   
99+
Bulk Modulus
91.10 GPa   
17
43.00 GPa   
28
Young's Modulus
88.00 GPa   
22
8.00 GPa   
99+
Poisson Ratio
0.34   
10
0.45   
2
Other Mechanical Properties
Ductile, Malleable   
Ductile, Sectile   
Magnetic Properties
Magnetic Characteristics
  
  
Specific Gravity
6.51   
99+
11.85   
22
Magnetic Ordering
Paramagnetic   
Diamagnetic   
Electrical Properties
  
  
Electrical Property
Conductor   
Conductor   
Resistivity
421.00 nΩ·m   
11
0.18 nΩ·m   
99+
Electrical Conductivity
0.02 106/cm Ω   
99+
0.06 106/cm Ω   
32
Electron Affinity
41.10 kJ/mol   
27
19.20 kJ/mol   
32
Thermal Properties
Specific Heat
0.27 J/(kg K)   
19
0.13 J/(kg K)   
39
Molar Heat Capacity
25.36 J/mol·K   
99+
26.32 J/mol·K   
29
Thermal Conductivity
22.60 W/m·K   
99+
46.10 W/m·K   
33
Critical Temperature
Not Available   
Not Available   
Thermal Expansion
5.70 µm/(m·K)   
99+
29.90 µm/(m·K)   
12
Enthalpy
  
  
Enthalpy of Vaporization
581.60 kJ/mol   
9
162.10 kJ/mol   
99+
Enthalpy of Fusion
20.90 kJ/mol   
11
4.27 kJ/mol   
99+
Enthalpy of Atomization
598.00 kJ/mol   
10
179.90 kJ/mol   
99+
Standard Molar Entropy
39.00 J/mol.K   
39
64.20 J/mol.K   
19
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