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Zirconium vs Thallium

Zirconium
Thallium
Thallium vs Zirconium


Periodic Table
Symbol
Zr  
Tl  
Group Number
4  
14
13  
5
Period Number
5  
6  
Block
d block  
p block  
Element Family
Transition Metal  
Post-​Transition  
CAS Number
7440677  
23
7440280  
99+
Space Group Name
P63/mmc  
P63/mmc  
Space Group Number
194.00  
7
194.00  
7
Facts
Interesting Facts
  • Zirconium metal can resist to weak acids.
  • Zirconium metal reacts with oxygen and nitrogen in the atmosphere.
  
  • Compounds of Thallium metal are highly Toxic.
  • Thallium metal is being suspected as a human carcinogen.
  
Sources
Found in Minerals, Mining, Ores of Minerals  
Found As a By-product, Ores of metals, Ores of Minerals  
History
  
  
Who Discovered
Martin Heinrich Klaproth  
William Crookes  
Discovery
In 1789  
In 1861  
Abundance
  
  
Abundance In Universe
0.00 %  
14
0.00 %  
33
Abundance In Sun
0.00 %  
16
0.00 %  
26
Abundance In Meteorites
0.00 %  
17
0.00 %  
99+
Abundance In Earth's Crust
0.01 %  
14
0.00 %  
99+
Abundance In Oceans
0.00 %  
23
0.00 %  
34
Abundance In Humans
0.00 %  
18
0.00 %  
24
Uses
Uses & Benefits
  • As this metal does not absorb neutrons; It is used in nuclear power stations.
  • Its oxide is used in ultra strong ceramics. It is also used in manufacturing Crucibles.
  
  • Thallium is a toxic metal and hence it has limited uses. Thallium metal is mostly used for producing photoelectric cells.
  • In thermometer’s mercury alloy has 8% of thallium, as it has a melting point lower than 20°C.
  
Industrial Uses
Aerospace Industry, Ammunition Industry  
Chemical Industry  
Medical Uses
-  
Medical Research  
Other Uses
Alloys, Nuclear Research, Research Purposes  
Alloys  
Biological Properties
  
  
Toxicity
-  
Highly Toxic  
Present in Human Body
Yes  
Yes  
In Blood
0.01 Blood/mg dm-3  
21
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3  
37
In Bone
0.10 p.p.m.  
28
0.00 p.p.m.  
38
Physical
Melting Point
1,852.00 °C  
15
303.50 °C  
99+
Boiling Point
4,377.00 °C  
11
1,457.00 °C  
99+
Appearance
  
  
Physical State
Solid  
Solid  
Color
Silvery White  
Silvery White  
Luster
Lustrous  
-  
Hardness
  
  
Mohs Hardness
5.00  
8
1.20  
21
Brinell Hardness
638.00 MPa  
21
26.50 MPa  
99+
Vickers Hardness
820.00 MPa  
22
120.00 MPa  
99+
Speed of Sound
3,800.00 m/s  
27
818.00 m/s  
99+
Optical Properties
  
  
Refractive Index
2.15  
10
1.90  
18
Reflectivity
70.00 %  
13
8.00 %  
37
Allotropes
No  
No  
α Allotropes
-  
-  
β Allotropes
-  
-  
γ Allotropes
-  
-  
Chemical
Chemical Formula
Zr  
Tl  
Isotopes
  
  
Known Isotopes
24  
15
32  
7
Electronegativity
  
  
Pauling Electronegativity
1.33  
31
1.62  
22
Sanderson Electronegativity
0.90  
99+
2.25  
6
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.22  
27
1.44  
18
Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
1.33  
32
1.96  
11
Allen Electronegativity
1.32  
39
1.79  
16
Electropositivity
  
  
Pauling Electropositivity
2.67  
24
2.38  
33
Ionization Energies
  
  
1st Energy Level
640.10 kJ/mol  
99+
589.40 kJ/mol  
99+
2nd Energy Level
1,270.00 kJ/mol  
99+
1,971.00 kJ/mol  
14
3rd Energy Level
2,218.00 kJ/mol  
99+
2,878.00 kJ/mol  
32
4th Energy Level
3,313.00 kJ/mol  
99+
5,890.00 kJ/mol  
17
5th Energy Level
7,752.00 kJ/mol  
16
5,890.00 kJ/mol  
99+
6th Energy Level
9,500.00 kJ/mol  
21
5,890.00 kJ/mol  
99+
7th Energy level
6,400.00 kJ/mol  
99+
5,890.00 kJ/mol  
99+
8th Energy Level
6,400.00 kJ/mol  
99+
5,890.00 kJ/mol  
99+
9th Energy Level
6,400.00 kJ/mol  
40
5,890.00 kJ/mol  
99+
10th Energy Level
5,730.00 kJ/mol  
99+
5,890.00 kJ/mol  
99+
11th Energy Level
6,406.00 kJ/mol  
99+
5,890.00 kJ/mol  
99+
12th Energy Level
6,400.00 kJ/mol  
99+
5,890.00 kJ/mol  
99+
13th Energy Level
6,400.00 kJ/mol  
36
5,890.00 kJ/mol  
99+
14th Energy Level
640.00 kJ/mol  
99+
5,890.00 kJ/mol  
37
15th Energy Level
64,000.00 kJ/mol  
36
58,900.00 kJ/mol  
99+
16th Energy Level
64,000.00 kJ/mol  
27
58,900.00 kJ/mol  
38
17th Energy Level
640.10 kJ/mol  
99+
589.40 kJ/mol  
99+
18th Energy Level
6,400.00 kJ/mol  
38
5,890.00 kJ/mol  
99+
19th Energy Level
640.00 kJ/mol  
99+
589.40 kJ/mol  
99+
20th Energy Level
640.00 kJ/mol  
39
589.00 kJ/mol  
99+
21st Energy Level
640.10 kJ/mol  
99+
589.40 kJ/mol  
99+
22nd Energy Level
640.00 kJ/mol  
33
589.00 kJ/mol  
99+
23rd Energy Level
640.10 kJ/mol  
99+
589.40 kJ/mol  
99+
24th Energy Level
640.00 kJ/mol  
35
589.40 kJ/mol  
99+
25th Energy Level
640.10 kJ/mol  
37
589.40 kJ/mol  
99+
26th Energy Level
640.10 kJ/mol  
36
589.40 kJ/mol  
99+
27th Energy Level
640.10 kJ/mol  
38
589.40 kJ/mol  
99+
28th Energy Level
640.10 kJ/mol  
99+
589.40 kJ/mol  
99+
29th Energy Level
640.10 kJ/mol  
99+
589.40 kJ/mol  
99+
30th Energy Level
640.10 kJ/mol  
39
589.40 kJ/mol  
99+
Electrochemical Equivalent
0.85 g/amp-hr  
99+
7.63 g/amp-hr  
2
Electron Work Function
4.05 eV  
34
3.84 eV  
39
Other Chemical Properties
Anti Corrosion, Flammable, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility  
Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility  
Atomic
Atomic Number
40  
99+
81  
35
Electron Configuration
[Kr] 4d2 5s2  
[Xe] 4f14 5d10 6s2 6p1  
Crystal Structure
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)  
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)  
Crystal Lattice
HCP-Crystal-Structure-of-Zirconium.jpg#100  
BCC-Crystal-Structure-.jpg#100  
Atom
  
  
Number of Protons
40  
99+
81  
35
Number of Neutrons
51  
99+
123  
21
Number of Electrons
40  
99+
81  
35
Radius of an Atom
  
  
Atomic Radius
160.00 pm  
29
170.00 pm  
24
Covalent Radius
175.00 pm  
25
145.00 pm  
99+
Van der Waals Radius
200.00 pm  
35
196.00 pm  
37
Atomic Weight
91.22 amu  
99+
204.38 amu  
31
Atomic Volume
14.10 cm3/mol  
99+
17.20 cm3/mol  
99+
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
  
  
Previous Element
Yttrium
  
Mercury
  
Next Element
Niobium
  
Lead
  
Valence Electron Potential
80.00 (-eV)  
18
9.60 (-eV)  
99+
Lattice Constant
323.20 pm  
99+
345.66 pm  
99+
Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3  
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3  
Lattice C/A Ratio
1.59  
25
1.60  
23
Mechanical
Density
  
  
Density At Room Temperature
6.52 g/cm3  
99+
11.85 g/cm3  
33
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
5.80 g/cm3  
99+
11.22 g/cm3  
33
Tensile Strength
330.00 MPa  
14
47.00 MPa  
39
Viscosity
0.00  
12
0.00  
22
Vapor Pressure
  
  
Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
0.00 (Pa)  
37
16.90 (Pa)  
5
Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
0.00 (Pa)  
21
0.00 (Pa)  
38
Elasticity properties
  
  
Shear Modulus
33.00 GPa  
23
2.80 GPa  
99+
Bulk Modulus
91.10 GPa  
18
43.00 GPa  
33
Young's Modulus
88.00 GPa  
24
8.00 GPa  
99+
Poisson Ratio
0.34  
10
0.45  
2
Other Mechanical Properties
Ductile, Malleable  
Ductile, Sectile  
Magnetic
Magnetic Characteristics
  
  
Specific Gravity
6.51  
99+
11.85  
35
Magnetic Ordering
Paramagnetic  
Diamagnetic  
Permeability
0.00 H/m  
17
0.00 H/m  
17
Susceptibility
0.00  
24
0.00  
28
Electrical Properties
  
  
Electrical Property
Conductor  
Conductor  
Resistivity
421.00 nΩ·m  
11
0.18 nΩ·m  
99+
Electrical Conductivity
0.02 106/cm Ω  
99+
0.06 106/cm Ω  
37
Electron Affinity
41.10 kJ/mol  
32
19.20 kJ/mol  
38
Thermal
Specific Heat
0.27 J/(kg K)  
19
0.13 J/(kg K)  
40
Molar Heat Capacity
25.36 J/mol·K  
99+
26.32 J/mol·K  
37
Thermal Conductivity
22.60 W/m·K  
99+
46.10 W/m·K  
33
Critical Temperature
2,128.00 K  
17
577.00 K  
99+
Thermal Expansion
5.70 µm/(m·K)  
99+
29.90 µm/(m·K)  
12
Enthalpy
  
  
Enthalpy of Vaporization
581.60 kJ/mol  
11
162.10 kJ/mol  
99+
Enthalpy of Fusion
20.90 kJ/mol  
11
4.27 kJ/mol  
99+
Enthalpy of Atomization
598.00 kJ/mol  
12
179.90 kJ/mol  
99+
Standard Molar Entropy
39.00 J/mol.K  
99+
64.20 J/mol.K  
20
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