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Thallium vs Yttrium

Thallium
Yttrium
Yttrium vs Thallium


Periodic Table
Symbol
Tl  
Y  
Group Number
13  
5
3  
15
Period Number
6  
5  
Block
p block  
d block  
Element Family
Post-​Transition  
Transition Metal  
CAS Number
7440280  
99+
7440655  
25
Space Group Name
P63/mmc  
P63/mmc  
Space Group Number
194.00  
7
194.00  
7
Facts
Interesting Facts
  • Compounds of Thallium metal are highly Toxic.
  • Thallium metal is being suspected as a human carcinogen.
  
  • Yttrium Metal is highly toxic.
  • Yttrium Metal is highly reactive in nature hence not found free in nature.
  
Sources
Found As a By-product, Ores of metals, Ores of Minerals  
Found in Minerals, Mining, Ores of Minerals  
History
  
  
Who Discovered
William Crookes  
Johan Gadolin  
Discovery
In 1861  
In 1794  
Abundance
  
  
Abundance In Universe
0.00 %  
33
0.00 %  
18
Abundance In Sun
0.00 %  
26
0.00 %  
26
Abundance In Meteorites
0.00 %  
99+
0.00 %  
21
Abundance In Earth's Crust
0.00 %  
99+
0.00 %  
22
Abundance In Oceans
0.00 %  
34
0.00 %  
25
Abundance In Humans
0.00 %  
24
0.00 %  
24
Uses
Uses & Benefits
  • Thallium is a toxic metal and hence it has limited uses. Thallium metal is mostly used for producing photoelectric cells.
  • In thermometer’s mercury alloy has 8% of thallium, as it has a melting point lower than 20°C.
  
  • Yttrium metal is used in different alloys, as it increases the strength of aluminum Magnesium alloy. It is used for radar microwave filter.
  • It is also used as a catalyst in ethene polymerisation.
  
Industrial Uses
Chemical Industry  
Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry  
Medical Uses
Medical Research  
-  
Other Uses
Alloys  
Alloys  
Biological Properties
  
  
Toxicity
Highly Toxic  
Highly Toxic  
Present in Human Body
Yes  
Yes  
In Blood
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3  
37
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3  
26
In Bone
0.00 p.p.m.  
38
0.07 p.p.m.  
30
Physical
Melting Point
303.50 °C  
99+
1,523.00 °C  
27
Boiling Point
1,457.00 °C  
99+
3,337.00 °C  
22
Appearance
  
  
Physical State
Solid  
Solid  
Color
Silvery White  
Silvery White  
Luster
-  
-  
Hardness
  
  
Mohs Hardness
1.20  
21
4.00  
11
Brinell Hardness
26.50 MPa  
99+
589.00 MPa  
26
Vickers Hardness
120.00 MPa  
99+
590.00 MPa  
29
Speed of Sound
818.00 m/s  
99+
3,300.00 m/s  
34
Optical Properties
  
  
Refractive Index
1.90  
18
1.90  
18
Reflectivity
8.00 %  
37
83.00 %  
6
Allotropes
No  
No  
α Allotropes
-  
-  
β Allotropes
-  
-  
γ Allotropes
-  
-  
Chemical
Chemical Formula
Tl  
Y  
Isotopes
  
  
Known Isotopes
32  
7
19  
20
Electronegativity
  
  
Pauling Electronegativity
1.62  
22
1.22  
39
Sanderson Electronegativity
2.25  
6
0.65  
99+
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.44  
18
1.11  
30
Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
1.96  
11
1.22  
38
Allen Electronegativity
1.79  
16
1.12  
99+
Electropositivity
  
  
Pauling Electropositivity
2.38  
33
2.78  
16
Ionization Energies
  
  
1st Energy Level
589.40 kJ/mol  
99+
600.00 kJ/mol  
99+
2nd Energy Level
1,971.00 kJ/mol  
14
1,180.00 kJ/mol  
99+
3rd Energy Level
2,878.00 kJ/mol  
32
1,980.00 kJ/mol  
99+
4th Energy Level
5,890.00 kJ/mol  
17
5,847.00 kJ/mol  
19
5th Energy Level
5,890.00 kJ/mol  
99+
7,430.00 kJ/mol  
22
6th Energy Level
5,890.00 kJ/mol  
99+
8,970.00 kJ/mol  
23
7th Energy level
5,890.00 kJ/mol  
99+
11,190.00 kJ/mol  
18
8th Energy Level
5,890.00 kJ/mol  
99+
12,450.00 kJ/mol  
18
9th Energy Level
5,890.00 kJ/mol  
99+
14,110.00 kJ/mol  
19
10th Energy Level
5,890.00 kJ/mol  
99+
18,400.00 kJ/mol  
17
11th Energy Level
5,890.00 kJ/mol  
99+
19,900.00 kJ/mol  
18
12th Energy Level
5,890.00 kJ/mol  
99+
36,090.00 kJ/mol  
25
13th Energy Level
5,890.00 kJ/mol  
99+
6,000.00 kJ/mol  
99+
14th Energy Level
5,890.00 kJ/mol  
37
6,000.00 kJ/mol  
33
15th Energy Level
58,900.00 kJ/mol  
99+
60,000.00 kJ/mol  
99+
16th Energy Level
58,900.00 kJ/mol  
38
60,000.00 kJ/mol  
34
17th Energy Level
589.40 kJ/mol  
99+
600.00 kJ/mol  
99+
18th Energy Level
5,890.00 kJ/mol  
99+
6,000.00 kJ/mol  
99+
19th Energy Level
589.40 kJ/mol  
99+
600.00 kJ/mol  
99+
20th Energy Level
589.00 kJ/mol  
99+
600.00 kJ/mol  
99+
21st Energy Level
589.40 kJ/mol  
99+
600.00 kJ/mol  
99+
22nd Energy Level
589.00 kJ/mol  
99+
600.00 kJ/mol  
99+
23rd Energy Level
589.40 kJ/mol  
99+
600.00 kJ/mol  
99+
24th Energy Level
589.40 kJ/mol  
99+
600.00 kJ/mol  
99+
25th Energy Level
589.40 kJ/mol  
99+
600.00 kJ/mol  
99+
26th Energy Level
589.40 kJ/mol  
99+
604.50 kJ/mol  
99+
27th Energy Level
589.40 kJ/mol  
99+
604.50 kJ/mol  
99+
28th Energy Level
589.40 kJ/mol  
99+
604.50 kJ/mol  
99+
29th Energy Level
589.40 kJ/mol  
99+
604.50 kJ/mol  
99+
30th Energy Level
589.40 kJ/mol  
99+
604.50 kJ/mol  
99+
Electrochemical Equivalent
7.63 g/amp-hr  
2
1.11 g/amp-hr  
99+
Electron Work Function
3.84 eV  
39
3.10 eV  
99+
Other Chemical Properties
Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility  
Chemical Stability, Flammable, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility  
Atomic
Atomic Number
81  
35
39  
99+
Electron Configuration
[Xe] 4f14 5d10 6s2 6p1  
[Kr] 4d1 5s2  
Crystal Structure
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)  
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)  
Crystal Lattice
BCC-Crystal-Structure-.jpg#100  
HCP-Crystal-Structure-of-Yttrium.jpg#100  
Atom
  
  
Number of Protons
81  
35
39  
99+
Number of Neutrons
123  
21
50  
99+
Number of Electrons
81  
35
39  
99+
Radius of an Atom
  
  
Atomic Radius
170.00 pm  
24
180.00 pm  
16
Covalent Radius
145.00 pm  
99+
190.00 pm  
18
Van der Waals Radius
196.00 pm  
37
200.00 pm  
35
Atomic Weight
204.38 amu  
31
88.91 amu  
99+
Atomic Volume
17.20 cm3/mol  
99+
19.80 cm3/mol  
33
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
  
  
Previous Element
Mercury
  
Strontium
  
Next Element
Lead
  
Zirconium
  
Valence Electron Potential
9.60 (-eV)  
99+
48.00 (-eV)  
31
Lattice Constant
345.66 pm  
99+
364.74 pm  
34
Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3  
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3  
Lattice C/A Ratio
1.60  
23
1.57  
39
Mechanical
Density
  
  
Density At Room Temperature
11.85 g/cm3  
33
4.47 g/cm3  
99+
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
11.22 g/cm3  
33
4.24 g/cm3  
99+
Tensile Strength
47.00 MPa  
39
160.00 MPa  
22
Viscosity
0.00  
22
0.00  
18
Vapor Pressure
  
  
Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
16.90 (Pa)  
5
0.00 (Pa)  
34
Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
0.00 (Pa)  
38
4.27 (Pa)  
10
Elasticity properties
  
  
Shear Modulus
2.80 GPa  
99+
25.60 GPa  
37
Bulk Modulus
43.00 GPa  
33
41.20 GPa  
35
Young's Modulus
8.00 GPa  
99+
63.50 GPa  
34
Poisson Ratio
0.45  
2
0.24  
26
Other Mechanical Properties
Ductile, Sectile  
Ductile  
Magnetic
Magnetic Characteristics
  
  
Specific Gravity
11.85  
35
4.47  
99+
Magnetic Ordering
Diamagnetic  
Paramagnetic  
Permeability
0.00 H/m  
17
0.00 H/m  
18
Susceptibility
0.00  
28
0.00  
24
Electrical Properties
  
  
Electrical Property
Conductor  
Conductor  
Resistivity
0.18 nΩ·m  
99+
596.00 nΩ·m  
8
Electrical Conductivity
0.06 106/cm Ω  
37
0.02 106/cm Ω  
99+
Electron Affinity
19.20 kJ/mol  
38
29.60 kJ/mol  
36
Thermal
Specific Heat
0.13 J/(kg K)  
40
0.30 J/(kg K)  
18
Molar Heat Capacity
26.32 J/mol·K  
37
26.53 J/mol·K  
35
Thermal Conductivity
46.10 W/m·K  
33
17.20 W/m·K  
99+
Critical Temperature
577.00 K  
99+
1,799.00 K  
31
Thermal Expansion
29.90 µm/(m·K)  
12
10.60 µm/(m·K)  
99+
Enthalpy
  
  
Enthalpy of Vaporization
162.10 kJ/mol  
99+
393.00 kJ/mol  
25
Enthalpy of Fusion
4.27 kJ/mol  
99+
17.15 kJ/mol  
16
Enthalpy of Atomization
179.90 kJ/mol  
99+
418.00 kJ/mol  
23
Standard Molar Entropy
64.20 J/mol.K  
20
44.40 J/mol.K  
99+
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