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Yttrium vs Thallium

Yttrium
Thallium
Thallium vs Yttrium


Periodic Table
Symbol
Y   
Tl   
Group Number
3   
15
13   
5
Period Number
5   
6   
Block
d block   
p block   
Element Family
Transition Metal   
Post-​Transition   
CAS Number
7440655   
25
7440280   
99+
Space Group Name
P63/mmc   
P63/mmc   
Space Group Number
194.00   
5
194.00   
5
Facts
Interesting Facts
  • Yttrium Metal is highly toxic.
  • Yttrium Metal is highly reactive in nature hence not found free in nature.
  
  • Compounds of Thallium metal are highly Toxic.
  • Thallium metal is being suspected as a human carcinogen.
  
Sources
Found in Minerals, Mining, Ores of Minerals   
Found As a By-product, Ores of metals, Ores of Minerals   
History
  
  
Who Discovered
Johan Gadolin   
William Crookes   
Discovery
In 1794   
In 1861   
Abundance
  
  
Abundance In Universe
7 * 10-7 %   
17
5 * 10-9 %   
32
Abundance In Sun
~0.0000001 %   
26
~0.0000001 %   
26
Abundance In Meteorites
0.00 %   
21
0.00 %   
99+
Abundance In Earth's Crust
0.00 %   
22
0.00 %   
99+
Abundance In Oceans
0.00 %   
25
0.00 %   
34
Uses
Uses & Benefits
  • Yttrium metal is used in different alloys, as it increases the strength of aluminum Magnesium alloy. It is used for radar microwave filter.
  • It is also used as a catalyst in ethene polymerisation.
  
  • Thallium is a toxic metal and hence it has limited uses. Thallium metal is mostly used for producing photoelectric cells.
  • In thermometer’s mercury alloy has 8% of thallium, as it has a melting point lower than 20°C.
  
Industrial Uses
Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry   
Chemical Industry   
Medical Uses
NA   
Medical Research   
Other Uses
Alloys   
Alloys   
Biological Properties
  
  
Toxicity
Highly Toxic   
Highly Toxic   
Present in Human Body
Yes   
Yes   
In Blood
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3   
26
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3   
34
In Bone
0.07 p.p.m.   
25
0.00 p.p.m.   
33
Physical Properties
Melting Point
1,523.00 °C   
27
303.50 °C   
99+
Boiling Point
3,337.00 °C   
21
1,457.00 °C   
99+
Appearance
  
  
Physical State
Solid   
Solid   
Color
Silvery White   
Silvery White   
Luster
NA   
NA   
Hardness
  
  
Mohs Hardness
Not Available   
1.20   
20
Brinell Hardness
589.00 MPa   
22
26.50 MPa   
99+
Speed of Sound
3,300.00 m/s   
23
818.00 m/s   
99+
Optical Properties
  
  
Allotropes
No   
No   
α Allotropes
Not Available   
Not Available   
β Allotropes
Not Available   
Not Available   
γ Allotropes
Not Available   
Not Available   
Chemical Properties
Chemical Formula
Y   
Tl   
Isotopes
  
  
Known Isotopes
19   
20
32   
7
Electronegativity
  
  
Pauling Electronegativity
1.22   
38
1.62   
21
Sanderson Electronegativity
0.65   
29
2.25   
5
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.11   
29
1.44   
17
Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
Not Available   
1.96   
6
Allen Electronegativity
1.12   
38
1.79   
13
Electropositivity
  
  
Pauling Electropositivity
2.78   
16
2.38   
33
Ionization Energies
  
  
1st Energy Level
600.00 kJ/mol   
99+
589.40 kJ/mol   
99+
2nd Energy Level
1,180.00 kJ/mol   
99+
1,971.00 kJ/mol   
14
3rd Energy Level
1,980.00 kJ/mol   
99+
2,878.00 kJ/mol   
32
4th Energy Level
5,847.00 kJ/mol   
10
Not Available   
5th Energy Level
7,430.00 kJ/mol   
14
Not Available   
6th Energy Level
8,970.00 kJ/mol   
17
Not Available   
7th Energy level
11,190.00 kJ/mol   
18
Not Available   
8th Energy Level
12,450.00 kJ/mol   
18
Not Available   
9th Energy Level
14,110.00 kJ/mol   
19
Not Available   
10th Energy Level
18,400.00 kJ/mol   
17
Not Available   
11th Energy Level
19,900.00 kJ/mol   
18
Not Available   
12th Energy Level
36,090.00 kJ/mol   
5
Not Available   
Electrochemical Equivalent
1.11 g/amp-hr   
99+
7.63 g/amp-hr   
2
Electron Work Function
3.10 eV   
35
3.84 eV   
28
Other Chemical Properties
Chemical Stability, Flammable, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility   
Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility   
Atomic Properties
Atomic Number
39   
99+
81   
35
Electron Configuration
[Kr] 4d1 5s2   
[Xe] 4f14 5d10 6s2 6p1   
Crystal Structure
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)   
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)   
Crystal Lattice
HCP-Crystal-Structure-of-Yttrium.jpg#100   
BCC-Crystal-Structure-.jpg#100   
Atom
  
  
Number of Protons
39   
99+
81   
35
Number of Neutrons
50   
99+
123   
20
Number of Electrons
39   
99+
81   
35
Radius of an Atom
  
  
Atomic Radius
180.00 pm   
14
170.00 pm   
22
Covalent Radius
190.00 pm   
18
145.00 pm   
39
Van der Waals Radius
200.00 pm   
28
196.00 pm   
30
Atomic Weight
88.91 amu   
99+
204.38 amu   
31
Atomic Volume
19.80 cm3/mol   
21
17.20 cm3/mol   
31
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
  
  
Previous Element
Strontium
  
Mercury
  
Next Element
Zirconium
  
Lead
  
Valence Electron Potential
48.00 (-eV)   
30
9.60 (-eV)   
99+
Lattice Constant
364.74 pm   
31
345.66 pm   
99+
Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3   
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3   
Lattice C/A Ratio
1.57   
16
1.60   
6
Mechanical Properties
Density
  
  
Density At Room Temperature
4.47 g/cm3   
99+
11.85 g/cm3   
31
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
4.24 g/cm3   
99+
11.22 g/cm3   
13
Tensile Strength
Not Available   
Not Available   
Viscosity
Not Available   
Not Available   
Vapor Pressure
  
  
Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
0.00 (Pa)   
32
16.90 (Pa)   
5
Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
4.27 (Pa)   
10
Not Available   
Elasticity properties
  
  
Shear Modulus
25.60 GPa   
30
2.80 GPa   
99+
Bulk Modulus
41.20 GPa   
30
43.00 GPa   
28
Young's Modulus
63.50 GPa   
32
8.00 GPa   
99+
Poisson Ratio
0.24   
26
0.45   
2
Other Mechanical Properties
Ductile   
Ductile, Sectile   
Magnetic Properties
Magnetic Characteristics
  
  
Specific Gravity
4.47   
99+
11.85   
22
Magnetic Ordering
Paramagnetic   
Diamagnetic   
Electrical Properties
  
  
Electrical Property
Conductor   
Conductor   
Resistivity
596.00 nΩ·m   
8
0.18 nΩ·m   
99+
Electrical Conductivity
0.02 106/cm Ω   
99+
0.06 106/cm Ω   
32
Electron Affinity
29.60 kJ/mol   
30
19.20 kJ/mol   
32
Thermal Properties
Specific Heat
0.30 J/(kg K)   
18
0.13 J/(kg K)   
39
Molar Heat Capacity
26.53 J/mol·K   
27
26.32 J/mol·K   
29
Thermal Conductivity
17.20 W/m·K   
99+
46.10 W/m·K   
33
Critical Temperature
Not Available   
Not Available   
Thermal Expansion
10.60 µm/(m·K)   
37
29.90 µm/(m·K)   
12
Enthalpy
  
  
Enthalpy of Vaporization
393.00 kJ/mol   
18
162.10 kJ/mol   
99+
Enthalpy of Fusion
17.15 kJ/mol   
16
4.27 kJ/mol   
99+
Enthalpy of Atomization
418.00 kJ/mol   
18
179.90 kJ/mol   
99+
Standard Molar Entropy
44.40 J/mol.K   
33
64.20 J/mol.K   
19
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