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Thallium vs Ruthenium

Thallium
Ruthenium
Ruthenium vs Thallium


Periodic Table
Symbol
Tl  
Ru  
Group Number
13  
5
8  
10
Period Number
6  
5  
Block
p block  
d block  
Element Family
Post-​Transition  
Transition Metal  
CAS Number
7440280  
99+
7440188  
99+
Space Group Name
P63/mmc  
P63/mmc  
Space Group Number
194.00  
7
194.00  
7
Facts
Interesting Facts
  • Compounds of Thallium metal are highly Toxic.
  • Thallium metal is being suspected as a human carcinogen.
  
  • Ruthenium element has been extracted from used nuclear fuel.
  • Ruthenium metal also produces as a by-product of the Nickel mining.
  
Sources
Found As a By-product, Ores of metals, Ores of Minerals  
By-product of Nickel Refining, Found in Minerals, Mining  
History
  
  
Who Discovered
William Crookes  
Karl Ernst Claus  
Discovery
In 1861  
In 1844  
Abundance
  
  
Abundance In Universe
0.00 %  
33
0.00 %  
21
Abundance In Sun
0.00 %  
26
0.00 %  
22
Abundance In Meteorites
0.00 %  
99+
0.00 %  
26
Abundance In Earth's Crust
0.00 %  
99+
0.00 %  
99+
Abundance In Oceans
0.00 %  
34
0.00 %  
38
Abundance In Humans
0.00 %  
24
0.00 %  
24
Uses
Uses & Benefits
  • Thallium is a toxic metal and hence it has limited uses. Thallium metal is mostly used for producing photoelectric cells.
  • In thermometer’s mercury alloy has 8% of thallium, as it has a melting point lower than 20°C.
  
  • It is used for producing chip resistors and contact.
  • Ruthenium oxide is used to coat the anodes cells for chlorine production in chemical industry. It also works as catalysts for ammonia and acetic acid reaction.
  
Industrial Uses
Chemical Industry  
Aerospace Industry, Automobile Industry, Chemical Industry, Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry  
Medical Uses
Medical Research  
Medical Research  
Other Uses
Alloys  
Alloys  
Biological Properties
  
  
Toxicity
Highly Toxic  
Low Toxic  
Present in Human Body
Yes  
No  
In Blood
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3  
37
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3  
37
In Bone
0.00 p.p.m.  
38
0.00 p.p.m.  
99+
Physical
Melting Point
303.50 °C  
99+
2,250.00 °C  
8
Boiling Point
1,457.00 °C  
99+
3,900.00 °C  
14
Appearance
  
  
Physical State
Solid  
Solid  
Color
Silvery White  
Silvery White  
Luster
-  
Metallic  
Hardness
  
  
Mohs Hardness
1.20  
21
6.50  
5
Brinell Hardness
26.50 MPa  
99+
2,160.00 MPa  
3
Vickers Hardness
120.00 MPa  
99+
1,160.00 MPa  
14
Speed of Sound
818.00 m/s  
99+
5,970.00 m/s  
7
Optical Properties
  
  
Refractive Index
1.90  
18
2.60  
4
Reflectivity
8.00 %  
37
6.00 %  
38
Allotropes
No  
No  
α Allotropes
-  
-  
β Allotropes
-  
-  
γ Allotropes
-  
-  
Chemical
Chemical Formula
Tl  
Ru  
Isotopes
  
  
Known Isotopes
32  
7
26  
13
Electronegativity
  
  
Pauling Electronegativity
1.62  
22
2.20  
5
Sanderson Electronegativity
2.25  
6
2.20  
8
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.44  
18
1.42  
19
Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
1.96  
11
2.20  
6
Allen Electronegativity
1.79  
16
1.54  
28
Electropositivity
  
  
Pauling Electropositivity
2.38  
33
1.80  
99+
Ionization Energies
  
  
1st Energy Level
589.40 kJ/mol  
99+
710.20 kJ/mol  
32
2nd Energy Level
1,971.00 kJ/mol  
14
710.22 kJ/mol  
99+
3rd Energy Level
2,878.00 kJ/mol  
32
2,747.00 kJ/mol  
38
4th Energy Level
5,890.00 kJ/mol  
17
7,107.00 kJ/mol  
12
5th Energy Level
5,890.00 kJ/mol  
99+
7,107.00 kJ/mol  
27
6th Energy Level
5,890.00 kJ/mol  
99+
7,107.00 kJ/mol  
99+
7th Energy level
5,890.00 kJ/mol  
99+
7,100.00 kJ/mol  
37
8th Energy Level
5,890.00 kJ/mol  
99+
4,700.00 kJ/mol  
99+
9th Energy Level
5,890.00 kJ/mol  
99+
5,600.00 kJ/mol  
99+
10th Energy Level
5,890.00 kJ/mol  
99+
7,100.00 kJ/mol  
35
11th Energy Level
5,890.00 kJ/mol  
99+
7,197.00 kJ/mol  
32
12th Energy Level
5,890.00 kJ/mol  
99+
7,190.00 kJ/mol  
99+
13th Energy Level
5,890.00 kJ/mol  
99+
7,100.00 kJ/mol  
29
14th Energy Level
5,890.00 kJ/mol  
37
710.00 kJ/mol  
99+
15th Energy Level
58,900.00 kJ/mol  
99+
71,000.00 kJ/mol  
25
16th Energy Level
58,900.00 kJ/mol  
38
71,000.00 kJ/mol  
21
17th Energy Level
589.40 kJ/mol  
99+
710.20 kJ/mol  
99+
18th Energy Level
5,890.00 kJ/mol  
99+
7,100.00 kJ/mol  
31
19th Energy Level
589.40 kJ/mol  
99+
710.20 kJ/mol  
38
20th Energy Level
589.00 kJ/mol  
99+
710.00 kJ/mol  
32
21st Energy Level
589.40 kJ/mol  
99+
710.20 kJ/mol  
99+
22nd Energy Level
589.00 kJ/mol  
99+
710.00 kJ/mol  
26
23rd Energy Level
589.40 kJ/mol  
99+
710.20 kJ/mol  
99+
24th Energy Level
589.40 kJ/mol  
99+
710.20 kJ/mol  
25
25th Energy Level
589.40 kJ/mol  
99+
710.00 kJ/mol  
26
26th Energy Level
589.40 kJ/mol  
99+
710.20 kJ/mol  
25
27th Energy Level
589.40 kJ/mol  
99+
710.20 kJ/mol  
25
28th Energy Level
589.40 kJ/mol  
99+
710.20 kJ/mol  
30
29th Energy Level
589.40 kJ/mol  
99+
710.20 kJ/mol  
31
30th Energy Level
589.40 kJ/mol  
99+
710.00 kJ/mol  
25
Electrochemical Equivalent
7.63 g/amp-hr  
2
1.26 g/amp-hr  
99+
Electron Work Function
3.84 eV  
39
4.71 eV  
14
Other Chemical Properties
Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility  
Anti Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility  
Atomic
Atomic Number
81  
35
44  
99+
Electron Configuration
[Xe] 4f14 5d10 6s2 6p1  
[Kr] 4d7 5s1  
Crystal Structure
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)  
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)  
Crystal Lattice
BCC-Crystal-Structure-.jpg#100  
rystal-Structure-of-Ruthenium.jpg#100  
Atom
  
  
Number of Protons
81  
35
44  
99+
Number of Neutrons
123  
21
57  
99+
Number of Electrons
81  
35
44  
99+
Radius of an Atom
  
  
Atomic Radius
170.00 pm  
24
134.00 pm  
99+
Covalent Radius
145.00 pm  
99+
146.00 pm  
40
Van der Waals Radius
196.00 pm  
37
200.00 pm  
35
Atomic Weight
204.38 amu  
31
101.07 amu  
99+
Atomic Volume
17.20 cm3/mol  
99+
8.30 cm3/mol  
99+
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
  
  
Previous Element
Mercury
  
Technetium
  
Next Element
Lead
  
Rhodium
  
Valence Electron Potential
9.60 (-eV)  
99+
64.00 (-eV)  
22
Lattice Constant
345.66 pm  
99+
270.59 pm  
99+
Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3  
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3  
Lattice C/A Ratio
1.60  
23
1.58  
33
Mechanical
Density
  
  
Density At Room Temperature
11.85 g/cm3  
33
12.45 g/cm3  
29
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
11.22 g/cm3  
33
10.65 g/cm3  
37
Tensile Strength
47.00 MPa  
39
50.00 MPa  
38
Viscosity
0.00  
22
0.00  
25
Vapor Pressure
  
  
Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
16.90 (Pa)  
5
0.00 (Pa)  
37
Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
0.00 (Pa)  
38
0.00 (Pa)  
23
Elasticity properties
  
  
Shear Modulus
2.80 GPa  
99+
173.00 GPa  
4
Bulk Modulus
43.00 GPa  
33
220.00 GPa  
7
Young's Modulus
8.00 GPa  
99+
447.00 GPa  
3
Poisson Ratio
0.45  
2
0.30  
14
Other Mechanical Properties
Ductile, Sectile  
Ductile, Malleable  
Magnetic
Magnetic Characteristics
  
  
Specific Gravity
11.85  
35
12.45  
31
Magnetic Ordering
Diamagnetic  
Paramagnetic  
Permeability
0.00 H/m  
17
0.00 H/m  
17
Susceptibility
0.00  
28
0.00  
24
Electrical Properties
  
  
Electrical Property
Conductor  
Conductor  
Resistivity
0.18 nΩ·m  
99+
71.00 nΩ·m  
38
Electrical Conductivity
0.06 106/cm Ω  
37
0.14 106/cm Ω  
18
Electron Affinity
19.20 kJ/mol  
38
101.30 kJ/mol  
11
Thermal
Specific Heat
0.13 J/(kg K)  
40
0.24 J/(kg K)  
24
Molar Heat Capacity
26.32 J/mol·K  
37
24.06 J/mol·K  
99+
Thermal Conductivity
46.10 W/m·K  
33
117.00 W/m·K  
13
Critical Temperature
577.00 K  
99+
2,607.00 K  
9
Thermal Expansion
29.90 µm/(m·K)  
12
6.40 µm/(m·K)  
99+
Enthalpy
  
  
Enthalpy of Vaporization
162.10 kJ/mol  
99+
567.80 kJ/mol  
13
Enthalpy of Fusion
4.27 kJ/mol  
99+
25.50 kJ/mol  
7
Enthalpy of Atomization
179.90 kJ/mol  
99+
603.00 kJ/mol  
10
Standard Molar Entropy
64.20 J/mol.K  
20
28.50 J/mol.K  
99+
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