Thallium Yttrium Comparison
Periodic Table
Symbol
Tl
Y
Group Number
13
5
3
15
Period Number
6
5
Block
p block
d block
Element Family
Post-Transition
Transition Metal
CAS Number
7440280
99+
7440655
25
Space Group Name
P63/mmc
P63/mmc
Space Group Number
194.00
5
194.00
5
Facts
Interesting Facts
- Compounds of Thallium metal are highly Toxic.
- Thallium metal is being suspected as a human carcinogen.
- Yttrium Metal is highly toxic.
- Yttrium Metal is highly reactive in nature hence not found free in nature.
Sources
Found As a By-product, Ores of metals, Ores of Minerals
Found in Minerals, Mining, Ores of Minerals
History
Who Discovered
William Crookes
Johan Gadolin
Discovery
In 1861
In 1794
Abundance
Abundance In Universe
5 * 10-9 %
32
7 * 10-7 %
17
Abundance In Sun
~0.0000001 %
26
~0.0000001 %
26
Abundance In Meteorites
0.00 %
99+
0.00 %
21
Abundance In Earth's Crust
0.00 %
99+
0.00 %
22
Abundance In Oceans
0.00 %
34
0.00 %
25
Uses
Uses & Benefits
- Thallium is a toxic metal and hence it has limited uses. Thallium metal is mostly used for producing photoelectric cells.
- In thermometer’s mercury alloy has 8% of thallium, as it has a melting point lower than 20°C.
- Yttrium metal is used in different alloys, as it increases the strength of aluminum Magnesium alloy. It is used for radar microwave filter.
- It is also used as a catalyst in ethene polymerisation.
Industrial Uses
Chemical Industry
Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry
Medical Uses
Medical Research
NA
Other Uses
Alloys
Alloys
Biological Properties
Toxicity
Highly Toxic
Highly Toxic
Present in Human Body
Yes
Yes
In Blood
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3
34
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3
26
In Bone
0.00 p.p.m.
33
0.07 p.p.m.
25
Physical Properties
Melting Point
303.50 °C
99+
1,523.00 °C
27
Boiling Point
1,457.00 °C
99+
3,337.00 °C
21
Appearance
Physical State
Solid
Solid
Color
Silvery White
Silvery White
Luster
NA
NA
Hardness
Mohs Hardness
1.20
20
Not Available
Brinell Hardness
26.50 MPa
99+
589.00 MPa
22
Speed of Sound
818.00 m/s
99+
3,300.00 m/s
23
Optical Properties
Allotropes
No
No
α Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
β Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
γ Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
Chemical Properties
Chemical Formula
Tl
Y
Isotopes
Known Isotopes
32
7
19
20
Electronegativity
Pauling Electronegativity
1.62
21
1.22
38
Sanderson Electronegativity
2.25
5
0.65
29
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.44
17
1.11
29
Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
1.96
6
Not Available
Allen Electronegativity
1.79
13
1.12
38
Electropositivity
Pauling Electropositivity
2.38
33
2.78
16
Ionization Energies
1st Energy Level
589.40 kJ/mol
99+
600.00 kJ/mol
99+
2nd Energy Level
1,971.00 kJ/mol
14
1,180.00 kJ/mol
99+
3rd Energy Level
2,878.00 kJ/mol
32
1,980.00 kJ/mol
99+
4th Energy Level
Not Available
5,847.00 kJ/mol
10
5th Energy Level
Not Available
7,430.00 kJ/mol
14
6th Energy Level
Not Available
8,970.00 kJ/mol
17
7th Energy level
Not Available
11,190.00 kJ/mol
18
8th Energy Level
Not Available
12,450.00 kJ/mol
18
9th Energy Level
Not Available
14,110.00 kJ/mol
19
10th Energy Level
Not Available
18,400.00 kJ/mol
17
11th Energy Level
Not Available
19,900.00 kJ/mol
18
12th Energy Level
Not Available
36,090.00 kJ/mol
5
Electrochemical Equivalent
7.63 g/amp-hr
2
1.11 g/amp-hr
99+
Electron Work Function
3.84 eV
28
3.10 eV
35
Other Chemical Properties
Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility
Chemical Stability, Flammable, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility
Atomic Properties
Atomic Number
81
35
39
99+
Electron Configuration
[Xe] 4f14 5d10 6s2 6p1
[Kr] 4d1 5s2
Crystal Structure
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)
Crystal Lattice
BCC-Crystal-Structure-.jpg#100
HCP-Crystal-Structure-of-Yttrium.jpg#100
Atom
Number of Protons
81
35
39
99+
Number of Neutrons
123
20
50
99+
Number of Electrons
81
35
39
99+
Radius of an Atom
Atomic Radius
170.00 pm
22
180.00 pm
14
Covalent Radius
145.00 pm
39
190.00 pm
18
Van der Waals Radius
196.00 pm
30
200.00 pm
28
Atomic Weight
204.38 amu
31
88.91 amu
99+
Atomic Volume
17.20 cm3/mol
31
19.80 cm3/mol
21
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
Valence Electron Potential
9.60 (-eV)
99+
48.00 (-eV)
30
Lattice Constant
345.66 pm
99+
364.74 pm
31
Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3
Lattice C/A Ratio
1.60
6
1.57
16
Mechanical Properties
Density
Density At Room Temperature
11.85 g/cm3
31
4.47 g/cm3
99+
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
11.22 g/cm3
13
4.24 g/cm3
99+
Tensile Strength
Not Available
Not Available
Viscosity
Not Available
Not Available
Vapor Pressure
Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
16.90 (Pa)
5
0.00 (Pa)
32
Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
Not Available
4.27 (Pa)
10
Elasticity properties
Shear Modulus
2.80 GPa
99+
25.60 GPa
30
Bulk Modulus
43.00 GPa
28
41.20 GPa
30
Young's Modulus
8.00 GPa
99+
63.50 GPa
32
Poisson Ratio
0.45
2
0.24
26
Other Mechanical Properties
Ductile, Sectile
Ductile
Magnetic Properties
Magnetic Characteristics
Specific Gravity
11.85
22
4.47
99+
Magnetic Ordering
Diamagnetic
Paramagnetic
Electrical Properties
Electrical Property
Conductor
Conductor
Resistivity
0.18 nΩ·m
99+
596.00 nΩ·m
8
Electrical Conductivity
0.06 106/cm Ω
32
0.02 106/cm Ω
99+
Electron Affinity
19.20 kJ/mol
32
29.60 kJ/mol
30
Thermal Properties
Specific Heat
0.13 J/(kg K)
39
0.30 J/(kg K)
18
Molar Heat Capacity
26.32 J/mol·K
29
26.53 J/mol·K
27
Thermal Conductivity
46.10 W/m·K
33
17.20 W/m·K
99+
Critical Temperature
Not Available
Not Available
Thermal Expansion
29.90 µm/(m·K)
12
10.60 µm/(m·K)
37
Enthalpy
Enthalpy of Vaporization
162.10 kJ/mol
99+
393.00 kJ/mol
18
Enthalpy of Fusion
4.27 kJ/mol
99+
17.15 kJ/mol
16
Enthalpy of Atomization
179.90 kJ/mol
99+
418.00 kJ/mol
18
Standard Molar Entropy
64.20 J/mol.K
19
44.40 J/mol.K
33
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