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Thallium vs Scandium

Thallium
Scandium
Scandium vs Thallium


Periodic Table
Symbol
Tl   
Sc   
Group Number
13   
5
3   
15
Period Number
6   
4   
Block
p block   
d block   
Element Family
Post-​Transition   
Transition Metal   
CAS Number
7440280   
99+
7440202   
99+
Space Group Name
P63/mmc   
P63/mmc   
Space Group Number
194.00   
5
194.00   
5
Facts
Interesting Facts
  • Compounds of Thallium metal are highly Toxic.
  • Thallium metal is being suspected as a human carcinogen.
  
  • Scandium is known as one of the rare earth elements.
  • Scandium metal found in rare minerals called Wolframite .
  
Sources
Found As a By-product, Ores of metals, Ores of Minerals   
Found in Minerals, Mining, Ores of metals, Ores of Minerals   
History
  
  
Who Discovered
William Crookes   
Lars Fredrik Nilson   
Discovery
In 1861   
In 1879   
Abundance
  
  
Abundance In Universe
5 * 10-9 %   
32
3 * 10-6 %   
15
Abundance In Sun
~0.0000001 %   
26
~0.000004 %   
16
Abundance In Meteorites
0.00 %   
99+
0.00 %   
18
Abundance In Earth's Crust
0.00 %   
99+
0.00 %   
23
Abundance In Oceans
0.00 %   
34
0.00 %   
32
Uses
Uses & Benefits
  • Thallium is a toxic metal and hence it has limited uses. Thallium metal is mostly used for producing photoelectric cells.
  • In thermometer’s mercury alloy has 8% of thallium, as it has a melting point lower than 20°C.
  
  • Uses of Scandium are limited to research purpose only. However, it has very low density and higher melting point.
  • Its compounds like scandium iodide is used in mercury vapor lamps to produce very bright white light.
  
Industrial Uses
Chemical Industry   
Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry   
Medical Uses
Medical Research   
NA   
Other Uses
Alloys   
Alloys   
Biological Properties
  
  
Toxicity
Highly Toxic   
Non Toxic   
Present in Human Body
Yes   
Yes   
In Blood
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3   
34
0.01 Blood/mg dm-3   
22
In Bone
0.00 p.p.m.   
33
0.00 p.p.m.   
34
Physical Properties
Melting Point
303.50 °C   
99+
1,539.00 °C   
24
Boiling Point
1,457.00 °C   
99+
2,832.00 °C   
35
Appearance
  
  
Physical State
Solid   
Solid   
Color
Silvery White   
Silvery White   
Luster
NA   
Lustrous   
Hardness
  
  
Mohs Hardness
1.20   
20
Not Available   
Brinell Hardness
26.50 MPa   
99+
750.00 MPa   
12
Speed of Sound
818.00 m/s   
99+
Not Available   
Optical Properties
  
  
Allotropes
No   
No   
α Allotropes
Not Available   
Not Available   
β Allotropes
Not Available   
Not Available   
γ Allotropes
Not Available   
Not Available   
Chemical Properties
Chemical Formula
Tl   
Sc   
Isotopes
  
  
Known Isotopes
32   
7
13   
26
Electronegativity
  
  
Pauling Electronegativity
1.62   
21
1.36   
29
Sanderson Electronegativity
2.25   
5
1.02   
21
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.44   
17
1.20   
27
Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
1.96   
6
Not Available   
Allen Electronegativity
1.79   
13
1.19   
36
Electropositivity
  
  
Pauling Electropositivity
2.38   
33
2.64   
25
Ionization Energies
  
  
1st Energy Level
589.40 kJ/mol   
99+
633.10 kJ/mol   
99+
2nd Energy Level
1,971.00 kJ/mol   
14
1,235.00 kJ/mol   
99+
3rd Energy Level
2,878.00 kJ/mol   
32
2,388.60 kJ/mol   
99+
4th Energy Level
Not Available   
7,090.60 kJ/mol   
6
5th Energy Level
Not Available   
8,843.00 kJ/mol   
6
6th Energy Level
Not Available   
10,679.00 kJ/mol   
7
7th Energy level
Not Available   
13,310.00 kJ/mol   
8
8th Energy Level
Not Available   
15,250.00 kJ/mol   
11
9th Energy Level
Not Available   
17,370.00 kJ/mol   
14
10th Energy Level
Not Available   
21,726.00 kJ/mol   
13
11th Energy Level
Not Available   
24,102.00 kJ/mol   
16
12th Energy Level
Not Available   
66,320.00 kJ/mol   
2
13th Energy Level
Not Available   
73,010.00 kJ/mol   
2
14th Energy Level
Not Available   
80,160.00 kJ/mol   
3
15th Energy Level
Not Available   
89,490.00 kJ/mol   
4
16th Energy Level
Not Available   
97,400.00 kJ/mol   
5
17th Energy Level
Not Available   
105,600.00 kJ/mol   
6
18th Energy Level
Not Available   
117,000.00 kJ/mol   
7
19th Energy Level
Not Available   
124,270.00 kJ/mol   
8
Electrochemical Equivalent
7.63 g/amp-hr   
2
0.56 g/amp-hr   
99+
Electron Work Function
3.84 eV   
28
3.50 eV   
31
Other Chemical Properties
Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility   
Corrosion, Flammable, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility   
Atomic Properties
Atomic Number
81   
35
21   
99+
Electron Configuration
[Xe] 4f14 5d10 6s2 6p1   
[Ar] 3d1 4s2   
Crystal Structure
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)   
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)   
Crystal Lattice
BCC-Crystal-Structure-.jpg#100   
HCP-Crystal-Structure-of-Scandium.jpg#100   
Atom
  
  
Number of Protons
81   
35
21   
99+
Number of Neutrons
123   
20
24   
99+
Number of Electrons
81   
35
21   
99+
Radius of an Atom
  
  
Atomic Radius
170.00 pm   
22
162.00 pm   
26
Covalent Radius
145.00 pm   
39
170.00 pm   
25
Van der Waals Radius
196.00 pm   
30
211.00 pm   
25
Atomic Weight
204.38 amu   
31
44.96 amu   
99+
Atomic Volume
17.20 cm3/mol   
31
15.00 cm3/mol   
34
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
  
  
Previous Element
Mercury
  
Calcium
  
Next Element
Lead
  
Titanium
  
Valence Electron Potential
9.60 (-eV)   
99+
58.00 (-eV)   
24
Lattice Constant
345.66 pm   
99+
330.90 pm   
99+
Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3   
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3   
Lattice C/A Ratio
1.60   
6
1.59   
7
Mechanical Properties
Density
  
  
Density At Room Temperature
11.85 g/cm3   
31
2.99 g/cm3   
99+
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
11.22 g/cm3   
13
2.80 g/cm3   
99+
Tensile Strength
Not Available   
Not Available   
Viscosity
Not Available   
Not Available   
Vapor Pressure
  
  
Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
16.90 (Pa)   
5
0.00 (Pa)   
22
Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
Not Available   
91.30 (Pa)   
3
Elasticity properties
  
  
Shear Modulus
2.80 GPa   
99+
29.10 GPa   
24
Bulk Modulus
43.00 GPa   
28
56.60 GPa   
21
Young's Modulus
8.00 GPa   
99+
74.40 GPa   
26
Poisson Ratio
0.45   
2
0.28   
18
Other Mechanical Properties
Ductile, Sectile   
NA   
Magnetic Properties
Magnetic Characteristics
  
  
Specific Gravity
11.85   
22
2.99   
99+
Magnetic Ordering
Diamagnetic   
Paramagnetic   
Electrical Properties
  
  
Electrical Property
Conductor   
Conductor   
Resistivity
0.18 nΩ·m   
99+
562.00 nΩ·m   
10
Electrical Conductivity
0.06 106/cm Ω   
32
0.02 106/cm Ω   
99+
Electron Affinity
19.20 kJ/mol   
32
18.10 kJ/mol   
33
Thermal Properties
Specific Heat
0.13 J/(kg K)   
39
0.60 J/(kg K)   
8
Molar Heat Capacity
26.32 J/mol·K   
29
25.52 J/mol·K   
37
Thermal Conductivity
46.10 W/m·K   
33
15.80 W/m·K   
99+
Critical Temperature
Not Available   
Not Available   
Thermal Expansion
29.90 µm/(m·K)   
12
10.20 µm/(m·K)   
39
Enthalpy
  
  
Enthalpy of Vaporization
162.10 kJ/mol   
99+
314.20 kJ/mol   
28
Enthalpy of Fusion
4.27 kJ/mol   
99+
14.10 kJ/mol   
25
Enthalpy of Atomization
179.90 kJ/mol   
99+
343.00 kJ/mol   
28
Standard Molar Entropy
64.20 J/mol.K   
19
34.60 J/mol.K   
99+
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