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Scandium vs Thallium

Scandium
Thallium
Thallium vs Scandium


Periodic Table
Symbol
Sc  
Tl  
Group Number
3  
15
13  
5
Period Number
4  
6  
Block
d block  
p block  
Element Family
Transition Metal  
Post-​Transition  
CAS Number
7440202  
99+
7440280  
99+
Space Group Name
P63/mmc  
P63/mmc  
Space Group Number
194.00  
7
194.00  
7
Facts
Interesting Facts
  • Scandium is known as one of the rare earth elements.
  • Scandium metal found in rare minerals called Wolframite .
  
  • Compounds of Thallium metal are highly Toxic.
  • Thallium metal is being suspected as a human carcinogen.
  
Sources
Found in Minerals, Mining, Ores of metals, Ores of Minerals  
Found As a By-product, Ores of metals, Ores of Minerals  
History
  
  
Who Discovered
Lars Fredrik Nilson  
William Crookes  
Discovery
In 1879  
In 1861  
Abundance
  
  
Abundance In Universe
0.00 %  
16
0.00 %  
33
Abundance In Sun
0.00 %  
16
0.00 %  
26
Abundance In Meteorites
0.00 %  
18
0.00 %  
99+
Abundance In Earth's Crust
0.00 %  
23
0.00 %  
99+
Abundance In Oceans
0.00 %  
32
0.00 %  
34
Abundance In Humans
0.00 %  
24
0.00 %  
24
Uses
Uses & Benefits
  • Uses of Scandium are limited to research purpose only. However, it has very low density and higher melting point.
  • Its compounds like scandium iodide is used in mercury vapor lamps to produce very bright white light.
  
  • Thallium is a toxic metal and hence it has limited uses. Thallium metal is mostly used for producing photoelectric cells.
  • In thermometer’s mercury alloy has 8% of thallium, as it has a melting point lower than 20°C.
  
Industrial Uses
Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry  
Chemical Industry  
Medical Uses
-  
Medical Research  
Other Uses
Alloys  
Alloys  
Biological Properties
  
  
Toxicity
Non Toxic  
Highly Toxic  
Present in Human Body
Yes  
Yes  
In Blood
0.01 Blood/mg dm-3  
22
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3  
37
In Bone
0.00 p.p.m.  
39
0.00 p.p.m.  
38
Physical
Melting Point
1,539.00 °C  
24
303.50 °C  
99+
Boiling Point
2,832.00 °C  
36
1,457.00 °C  
99+
Appearance
  
  
Physical State
Solid  
Solid  
Color
Silvery White  
Silvery White  
Luster
Lustrous  
-  
Hardness
  
  
Mohs Hardness
5.50  
7
1.20  
21
Brinell Hardness
750.00 MPa  
13
26.50 MPa  
99+
Vickers Hardness
1,200.00 MPa  
13
120.00 MPa  
99+
Speed of Sound
6,100.00 m/s  
5
818.00 m/s  
99+
Optical Properties
  
  
Refractive Index
1.80  
21
1.90  
18
Reflectivity
93.00 %  
3
8.00 %  
37
Allotropes
No  
No  
α Allotropes
-  
-  
β Allotropes
-  
-  
γ Allotropes
-  
-  
Chemical
Chemical Formula
Sc  
Tl  
Isotopes
  
  
Known Isotopes
13  
26
32  
7
Electronegativity
  
  
Pauling Electronegativity
1.36  
30
1.62  
22
Sanderson Electronegativity
1.02  
40
2.25  
6
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.20  
28
1.44  
18
Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
1.36  
31
1.96  
11
Allen Electronegativity
1.19  
99+
1.79  
16
Electropositivity
  
  
Pauling Electropositivity
2.64  
25
2.38  
33
Ionization Energies
  
  
1st Energy Level
633.10 kJ/mol  
99+
589.40 kJ/mol  
99+
2nd Energy Level
1,235.00 kJ/mol  
99+
1,971.00 kJ/mol  
14
3rd Energy Level
2,388.60 kJ/mol  
99+
2,878.00 kJ/mol  
32
4th Energy Level
7,090.60 kJ/mol  
13
5,890.00 kJ/mol  
17
5th Energy Level
8,843.00 kJ/mol  
7
5,890.00 kJ/mol  
99+
6th Energy Level
10,679.00 kJ/mol  
13
5,890.00 kJ/mol  
99+
7th Energy level
13,310.00 kJ/mol  
8
5,890.00 kJ/mol  
99+
8th Energy Level
15,250.00 kJ/mol  
11
5,890.00 kJ/mol  
99+
9th Energy Level
17,370.00 kJ/mol  
14
5,890.00 kJ/mol  
99+
10th Energy Level
21,726.00 kJ/mol  
13
5,890.00 kJ/mol  
99+
11th Energy Level
24,102.00 kJ/mol  
16
5,890.00 kJ/mol  
99+
12th Energy Level
66,320.00 kJ/mol  
7
5,890.00 kJ/mol  
99+
13th Energy Level
73,010.00 kJ/mol  
2
5,890.00 kJ/mol  
99+
14th Energy Level
80,160.00 kJ/mol  
3
5,890.00 kJ/mol  
37
15th Energy Level
89,490.00 kJ/mol  
6
58,900.00 kJ/mol  
99+
16th Energy Level
97,400.00 kJ/mol  
5
58,900.00 kJ/mol  
38
17th Energy Level
105,600.00 kJ/mol  
6
589.40 kJ/mol  
99+
18th Energy Level
117,000.00 kJ/mol  
7
5,890.00 kJ/mol  
99+
19th Energy Level
124,270.00 kJ/mol  
8
589.40 kJ/mol  
99+
20th Energy Level
633.00 kJ/mol  
99+
589.00 kJ/mol  
99+
21st Energy Level
633.10 kJ/mol  
99+
589.40 kJ/mol  
99+
22nd Energy Level
633.00 kJ/mol  
35
589.00 kJ/mol  
99+
23rd Energy Level
633.10 kJ/mol  
99+
589.40 kJ/mol  
99+
24th Energy Level
633.10 kJ/mol  
37
589.40 kJ/mol  
99+
25th Energy Level
633.00 kJ/mol  
39
589.40 kJ/mol  
99+
26th Energy Level
633.10 kJ/mol  
38
589.40 kJ/mol  
99+
27th Energy Level
633.10 kJ/mol  
40
589.40 kJ/mol  
99+
28th Energy Level
633.10 kJ/mol  
99+
589.40 kJ/mol  
99+
29th Energy Level
633.10 kJ/mol  
99+
589.40 kJ/mol  
99+
30th Energy Level
633.00 kJ/mol  
99+
589.40 kJ/mol  
99+
Electrochemical Equivalent
0.56 g/amp-hr  
99+
7.63 g/amp-hr  
2
Electron Work Function
3.50 eV  
99+
3.84 eV  
39
Other Chemical Properties
Corrosion, Flammable, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility  
Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility  
Atomic
Atomic Number
21  
99+
81  
35
Electron Configuration
[Ar] 3d1 4s2  
[Xe] 4f14 5d10 6s2 6p1  
Crystal Structure
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)  
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)  
Crystal Lattice
HCP-Crystal-Structure-of-Scandium.jpg#100  
BCC-Crystal-Structure-.jpg#100  
Atom
  
  
Number of Protons
21  
99+
81  
35
Number of Neutrons
24  
99+
123  
21
Number of Electrons
21  
99+
81  
35
Radius of an Atom
  
  
Atomic Radius
162.00 pm  
28
170.00 pm  
24
Covalent Radius
170.00 pm  
27
145.00 pm  
99+
Van der Waals Radius
211.00 pm  
32
196.00 pm  
37
Atomic Weight
44.96 amu  
99+
204.38 amu  
31
Atomic Volume
15.00 cm3/mol  
99+
17.20 cm3/mol  
99+
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
  
  
Previous Element
Calcium
  
Mercury
  
Next Element
Titanium
  
Lead
  
Valence Electron Potential
58.00 (-eV)  
25
9.60 (-eV)  
99+
Lattice Constant
330.90 pm  
99+
345.66 pm  
99+
Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3  
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3  
Lattice C/A Ratio
1.59  
24
1.60  
23
Mechanical
Density
  
  
Density At Room Temperature
2.99 g/cm3  
99+
11.85 g/cm3  
33
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
2.80 g/cm3  
99+
11.22 g/cm3  
33
Tensile Strength
150.00 MPa  
25
47.00 MPa  
39
Viscosity
0.00  
25
0.00  
22
Vapor Pressure
  
  
Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
0.00 (Pa)  
24
16.90 (Pa)  
5
Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
91.30 (Pa)  
3
0.00 (Pa)  
38
Elasticity properties
  
  
Shear Modulus
29.10 GPa  
28
2.80 GPa  
99+
Bulk Modulus
56.60 GPa  
22
43.00 GPa  
33
Young's Modulus
74.40 GPa  
28
8.00 GPa  
99+
Poisson Ratio
0.28  
18
0.45  
2
Other Mechanical Properties
-  
Ductile, Sectile  
Magnetic
Magnetic Characteristics
  
  
Specific Gravity
2.99  
99+
11.85  
35
Magnetic Ordering
Paramagnetic  
Diamagnetic  
Permeability
0.00 H/m  
8
0.00 H/m  
17
Susceptibility
0.00  
24
0.00  
28
Electrical Properties
  
  
Electrical Property
Conductor  
Conductor  
Resistivity
562.00 nΩ·m  
10
0.18 nΩ·m  
99+
Electrical Conductivity
0.02 106/cm Ω  
99+
0.06 106/cm Ω  
37
Electron Affinity
18.10 kJ/mol  
39
19.20 kJ/mol  
38
Thermal
Specific Heat
0.60 J/(kg K)  
8
0.13 J/(kg K)  
40
Molar Heat Capacity
25.52 J/mol·K  
99+
26.32 J/mol·K  
37
Thermal Conductivity
15.80 W/m·K  
99+
46.10 W/m·K  
33
Critical Temperature
1,814.00 K  
28
577.00 K  
99+
Thermal Expansion
10.20 µm/(m·K)  
99+
29.90 µm/(m·K)  
12
Enthalpy
  
  
Enthalpy of Vaporization
314.20 kJ/mol  
99+
162.10 kJ/mol  
99+
Enthalpy of Fusion
14.10 kJ/mol  
29
4.27 kJ/mol  
99+
Enthalpy of Atomization
343.00 kJ/mol  
38
179.90 kJ/mol  
99+
Standard Molar Entropy
34.60 J/mol.K  
99+
64.20 J/mol.K  
20
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