Vanadium Thallium Comparison
Periodic Table
Symbol
V
Tl
Group Number
5
13
13
5
Period Number
4
6
Block
d block
p block
Element Family
Transition Metal
Post-Transition
CAS Number
7440622
27
7440280
99+
Space Group Name
Im_ 3m
P63/mmc
Space Group Number
229.00
1
194.00
5
Facts
Interesting Facts
- Vanadium is a highly reactive metal, hence it is not found free in nature.
- Vanadium can be found in almost 65 different types of minerals.
- Compounds of Thallium metal are highly Toxic.
- Thallium metal is being suspected as a human carcinogen.
Sources
Found As a By-product, Found in Minerals, Mining, Ores of Minerals
Found As a By-product, Ores of metals, Ores of Minerals
History
Who Discovered
Andrés Manuel del Río
William Crookes
Discovery
In 1801
In 1861
Abundance
Abundance In Universe
1 * 10-4 %
10
5 * 10-9 %
32
Abundance In Sun
~0.00004 %
13
~0.0000001 %
26
Abundance In Meteorites
0.01 %
14
0.00 %
99+
Abundance In Earth's Crust
0.02 %
12
0.00 %
99+
Abundance In Oceans
0.00 %
14
0.00 %
34
Abundance In Humans
0.00 %
16
Not Available
Uses
Uses & Benefits
- Its ally with steel is used very tough and hence it is used in armor plates, axles, piston rods, tools and crankshafts.
- Its oxide is used as pigments for glass and ceramics.
- Thallium is a toxic metal and hence it has limited uses. Thallium metal is mostly used for producing photoelectric cells.
- In thermometer’s mercury alloy has 8% of thallium, as it has a melting point lower than 20°C.
Industrial Uses
Aerospace Industry, Automobile Industry, Chemical Industry
Chemical Industry
Medical Uses
NA
Medical Research
Other Uses
Alloys
Alloys
Biological Properties
Toxicity
Toxic
Highly Toxic
Present in Human Body
Yes
Yes
In Blood
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3
36
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3
34
In Bone
0.00 p.p.m.
31
0.00 p.p.m.
33
Physical Properties
Melting Point
1,890.00 °C
13
303.50 °C
99+
Boiling Point
3,380.00 °C
20
1,457.00 °C
99+
Appearance
Physical State
Solid
Solid
Color
Blue-Silver Grey
Silvery White
Luster
Metallic
NA
Hardness
Mohs Hardness
6.70
4
1.20
20
Brinell Hardness
600.00 MPa
20
26.50 MPa
99+
Vickers Hardness
628.00 MPa
17
Not Available
Speed of Sound
4,560.00 m/s
17
818.00 m/s
99+
Optical Properties
Reflectivity
61.00 %
14
Not Available
Allotropes
No
No
α Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
β Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
γ Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
Chemical Properties
Chemical Formula
V
Tl
Isotopes
Known Isotopes
22
17
32
7
Electronegativity
Pauling Electronegativity
1.63
20
1.62
21
Sanderson Electronegativity
1.39
17
2.25
5
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.45
16
1.44
17
Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
Not Available
1.96
6
Allen Electronegativity
1.53
26
1.79
13
Electropositivity
Pauling Electropositivity
2.37
34
2.38
33
Ionization Energies
1st Energy Level
650.90 kJ/mol
99+
589.40 kJ/mol
99+
2nd Energy Level
1,414.00 kJ/mol
99+
1,971.00 kJ/mol
14
3rd Energy Level
2,830.00 kJ/mol
35
2,878.00 kJ/mol
32
4th Energy Level
4,507.00 kJ/mol
25
Not Available
5th Energy Level
6,298.70 kJ/mol
23
Not Available
6th Energy Level
12,363.00 kJ/mol
5
Not Available
7th Energy level
14,530.00 kJ/mol
5
Not Available
8th Energy Level
16,730.00 kJ/mol
7
Not Available
9th Energy Level
19,860.00 kJ/mol
7
Not Available
10th Energy Level
22,240.00 kJ/mol
12
Not Available
11th Energy Level
24,670.00 kJ/mol
15
Not Available
12th Energy Level
29,730.00 kJ/mol
12
Not Available
13th Energy Level
32,446.00 kJ/mol
12
Not Available
14th Energy Level
86,450.00 kJ/mol
1
Not Available
15th Energy Level
94,170.00 kJ/mol
2
Not Available
16th Energy Level
102,300.00 kJ/mol
3
Not Available
17th Energy Level
112,700.00 kJ/mol
4
Not Available
18th Energy Level
121,600.00 kJ/mol
5
Not Available
19th Energy Level
130,700.00 kJ/mol
6
Not Available
20th Energy Level
143,400.00 kJ/mol
8
Not Available
21st Energy Level
151,440.00 kJ/mol
8
Not Available
Electrochemical Equivalent
0.38 g/amp-hr
99+
7.63 g/amp-hr
2
Electron Work Function
4.30 eV
18
3.84 eV
28
Other Chemical Properties
Anti Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes
Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility
Atomic Properties
Atomic Number
23
99+
81
35
Electron Configuration
[Ar] 3d3 4s2
[Xe] 4f14 5d10 6s2 6p1
Crystal Structure
Body Centered Cubic (BCC)
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)
Crystal Lattice
BCC-Crystal-Structure-.jpg#100
BCC-Crystal-Structure-.jpg#100
Atom
Number of Protons
23
99+
81
35
Number of Neutrons
28
99+
123
20
Number of Electrons
23
99+
81
35
Radius of an Atom
Atomic Radius
134.00 pm
99+
170.00 pm
22
Covalent Radius
153.00 pm
33
145.00 pm
39
Van der Waals Radius
200.00 pm
28
196.00 pm
30
Atomic Weight
50.94 amu
99+
204.38 amu
31
Atomic Volume
8.78 cm3/mol
99+
17.20 cm3/mol
31
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
Valence Electron Potential
120.00 (-eV)
6
9.60 (-eV)
99+
Lattice Constant
303.00 pm
99+
345.66 pm
99+
Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, π/2
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3
Lattice C/A Ratio
Not Available
1.60
6
Mechanical Properties
Density
Density At Room Temperature
6.00 g/cm3
99+
11.85 g/cm3
31
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
5.50 g/cm3
99+
11.22 g/cm3
13
Tensile Strength
800.00 MPa
6
Not Available
Viscosity
Not Available
Not Available
Vapor Pressure
Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
Not Available
16.90 (Pa)
5
Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
0.23 (Pa)
16
Not Available
Elasticity properties
Shear Modulus
47.00 GPa
16
2.80 GPa
99+
Bulk Modulus
160.00 GPa
11
43.00 GPa
28
Young's Modulus
128.00 GPa
15
8.00 GPa
99+
Poisson Ratio
0.37
7
0.45
2
Other Mechanical Properties
Ductile, Malleable
Ductile, Sectile
Magnetic Properties
Magnetic Characteristics
Specific Gravity
5.96
99+
11.85
22
Magnetic Ordering
Paramagnetic
Diamagnetic
Electrical Properties
Electrical Property
Superconductor
Conductor
Resistivity
197.00 nΩ·m
19
0.18 nΩ·m
99+
Electrical Conductivity
0.05 106/cm Ω
35
0.06 106/cm Ω
32
Electron Affinity
50.60 kJ/mol
20
19.20 kJ/mol
32
Thermal Properties
Specific Heat
0.49 J/(kg K)
10
0.13 J/(kg K)
39
Molar Heat Capacity
24.89 J/mol·K
99+
26.32 J/mol·K
29
Thermal Conductivity
30.70 W/m·K
39
46.10 W/m·K
33
Critical Temperature
Not Available
Not Available
Thermal Expansion
8.40 µm/(m·K)
99+
29.90 µm/(m·K)
12
Enthalpy
Enthalpy of Vaporization
458.60 kJ/mol
14
162.10 kJ/mol
99+
Enthalpy of Fusion
17.57 kJ/mol
14
4.27 kJ/mol
99+
Enthalpy of Atomization
514.60 kJ/mol
13
179.90 kJ/mol
99+
Standard Molar Entropy
28.90 J/mol.K
99+
64.20 J/mol.K
19
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