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Thallium vs Osmium

Thallium
Osmium
Osmium vs Thallium


Periodic Table
Symbol
Tl  
Os  
Group Number
13  
5
8  
10
Period Number
6  
6  
Block
p block  
d block  
Element Family
Post-​Transition  
Transition Metal  
CAS Number
7440280  
99+
7440042  
99+
Space Group Name
P63/mmc  
P63/mmc  
Space Group Number
194.00  
7
194.00  
7
Facts
Interesting Facts
  • Compounds of Thallium metal are highly Toxic.
  • Thallium metal is being suspected as a human carcinogen.
  
  • Osmium metal does not oxidize in air unless it is heated.
  • But if it heated den it forms Osmium Tetroxide, which is highly toxic.
  
Sources
Found As a By-product, Ores of metals, Ores of Minerals  
Found As a By-product, Found in Minerals, Mining  
History
  
  
Who Discovered
William Crookes  
Smithson Tennant  
Discovery
In 1861  
In 1803  
Abundance
  
  
Abundance In Universe
0.00 %  
33
0.00 %  
22
Abundance In Sun
0.00 %  
26
0.00 %  
25
Abundance In Meteorites
0.00 %  
99+
0.00 %  
28
Abundance In Earth's Crust
0.00 %  
99+
0.00 %  
99+
Abundance In Oceans
0.00 %  
34
0.00 %  
99+
Abundance In Humans
0.00 %  
24
0.00 %  
24
Uses
Uses & Benefits
  • Thallium is a toxic metal and hence it has limited uses. Thallium metal is mostly used for producing photoelectric cells.
  • In thermometer’s mercury alloy has 8% of thallium, as it has a melting point lower than 20°C.
  
  • Its has very limited uses and its alloys are very hard and are used in the manufacturing of pen tips, pivots, needles and electrical contacts.
  • It is also used as industrial catalyst to speed up the chemical reaction.
  
Industrial Uses
Chemical Industry  
Aerospace Industry, Automobile Industry, Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry  
Medical Uses
Medical Research  
-  
Other Uses
Alloys  
Alloys  
Biological Properties
  
  
Toxicity
Highly Toxic  
Highly Toxic  
Present in Human Body
Yes  
No  
In Blood
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3  
37
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3  
37
In Bone
0.00 p.p.m.  
38
0.00 p.p.m.  
99+
Physical
Melting Point
303.50 °C  
99+
3,045.00 °C  
3
Boiling Point
1,457.00 °C  
99+
5,027.00 °C  
6
Appearance
  
  
Physical State
Solid  
Solid  
Color
Silvery White  
Silvery Bluish-Gray  
Luster
-  
Metallic  
Hardness
  
  
Mohs Hardness
1.20  
21
7.00  
3
Brinell Hardness
26.50 MPa  
99+
3,490.00 MPa  
1
Vickers Hardness
120.00 MPa  
99+
3,920.00 MPa  
1
Speed of Sound
818.00 m/s  
99+
4,940.00 m/s  
15
Optical Properties
  
  
Refractive Index
1.90  
18
2.07  
12
Reflectivity
8.00 %  
37
80.00 %  
7
Allotropes
No  
No  
α Allotropes
-  
-  
β Allotropes
-  
-  
γ Allotropes
-  
-  
Chemical
Chemical Formula
Tl  
Os  
Isotopes
  
  
Known Isotopes
32  
7
35  
4
Electronegativity
  
  
Pauling Electronegativity
1.62  
22
2.20  
5
Sanderson Electronegativity
2.25  
6
2.20  
8
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.44  
18
1.52  
13
Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
1.96  
11
2.20  
6
Allen Electronegativity
1.79  
16
1.65  
22
Electropositivity
  
  
Pauling Electropositivity
2.38  
33
1.80  
99+
Ionization Energies
  
  
1st Energy Level
589.40 kJ/mol  
99+
840.00 kJ/mol  
12
2nd Energy Level
1,971.00 kJ/mol  
14
1,309.80 kJ/mol  
99+
3rd Energy Level
2,878.00 kJ/mol  
32
1,600.00 kJ/mol  
99+
4th Energy Level
5,890.00 kJ/mol  
17
840.00 kJ/mol  
99+
5th Energy Level
5,890.00 kJ/mol  
99+
8,400.00 kJ/mol  
10
6th Energy Level
5,890.00 kJ/mol  
99+
8,400.00 kJ/mol  
30
7th Energy level
5,890.00 kJ/mol  
99+
8,400.00 kJ/mol  
25
8th Energy Level
5,890.00 kJ/mol  
99+
8,400.00 kJ/mol  
25
9th Energy Level
5,890.00 kJ/mol  
99+
5,280.00 kJ/mol  
99+
10th Energy Level
5,890.00 kJ/mol  
99+
8,400.00 kJ/mol  
26
11th Energy Level
5,890.00 kJ/mol  
99+
8,400.00 kJ/mol  
23
12th Energy Level
5,890.00 kJ/mol  
99+
8,400.00 kJ/mol  
99+
13th Energy Level
5,890.00 kJ/mol  
99+
8,400.00 kJ/mol  
18
14th Energy Level
5,890.00 kJ/mol  
37
840.00 kJ/mol  
99+
15th Energy Level
58,900.00 kJ/mol  
99+
84,000.00 kJ/mol  
12
16th Energy Level
58,900.00 kJ/mol  
38
840.00 kJ/mol  
99+
17th Energy Level
589.40 kJ/mol  
99+
840.00 kJ/mol  
29
18th Energy Level
5,890.00 kJ/mol  
99+
8,400.00 kJ/mol  
18
19th Energy Level
589.40 kJ/mol  
99+
840.00 kJ/mol  
27
20th Energy Level
589.00 kJ/mol  
99+
840.00 kJ/mol  
19
21st Energy Level
589.40 kJ/mol  
99+
840.00 kJ/mol  
39
22nd Energy Level
589.00 kJ/mol  
99+
840.00 kJ/mol  
15
23rd Energy Level
589.40 kJ/mol  
99+
840.00 kJ/mol  
99+
24th Energy Level
589.40 kJ/mol  
99+
840.00 kJ/mol  
11
25th Energy Level
589.40 kJ/mol  
99+
840.00 kJ/mol  
9
26th Energy Level
589.40 kJ/mol  
99+
840.00 kJ/mol  
9
27th Energy Level
589.40 kJ/mol  
99+
713.30 kJ/mol  
24
28th Energy Level
589.40 kJ/mol  
99+
840.10 kJ/mol  
13
29th Energy Level
589.40 kJ/mol  
99+
840.00 kJ/mol  
13
30th Energy Level
589.40 kJ/mol  
99+
840.00 kJ/mol  
9
Electrochemical Equivalent
7.63 g/amp-hr  
2
1.77 g/amp-hr  
99+
Electron Work Function
3.84 eV  
39
4.83 eV  
13
Other Chemical Properties
Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility  
Chemical Stability, Ionization, Solubility  
Atomic
Atomic Number
81  
35
76  
40
Electron Configuration
[Xe] 4f14 5d10 6s2 6p1  
[Xe] 4f14 5d6 6s2  
Crystal Structure
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)  
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)  
Crystal Lattice
BCC-Crystal-Structure-.jpg#100  
BCC-Crystal-Structure-.jpg#100  
Atom
  
  
Number of Protons
81  
35
76  
39
Number of Neutrons
123  
21
114  
26
Number of Electrons
81  
35
76  
39
Radius of an Atom
  
  
Atomic Radius
170.00 pm  
24
133.80 pm  
99+
Covalent Radius
145.00 pm  
99+
128.00 pm  
99+
Van der Waals Radius
196.00 pm  
37
216.00 pm  
30
Atomic Weight
204.38 amu  
31
190.23 amu  
35
Atomic Volume
17.20 cm3/mol  
99+
8.49 cm3/mol  
99+
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
  
  
Previous Element
Mercury
  
Rhenium
  
Next Element
Lead
  
Iridium
  
Valence Electron Potential
9.60 (-eV)  
99+
91.40 (-eV)  
12
Lattice Constant
345.66 pm  
99+
273.44 pm  
99+
Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3  
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3  
Lattice C/A Ratio
1.60  
23
1.58  
37
Mechanical
Density
  
  
Density At Room Temperature
11.85 g/cm3  
33
22.59 g/cm3  
9
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
11.22 g/cm3  
33
20.00 g/cm3  
11
Tensile Strength
47.00 MPa  
39
1,000.00 MPa  
4
Viscosity
0.00  
22
0.00  
3
Vapor Pressure
  
  
Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
16.90 (Pa)  
5
0.00 (Pa)  
16
Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
0.00 (Pa)  
38
0.00 (Pa)  
39
Elasticity properties
  
  
Shear Modulus
2.80 GPa  
99+
222.00 GPa  
1
Bulk Modulus
43.00 GPa  
33
462.00 GPa  
1
Young's Modulus
8.00 GPa  
99+
528.00 GPa  
1
Poisson Ratio
0.45  
2
0.25  
24
Other Mechanical Properties
Ductile, Sectile  
Ductile  
Magnetic
Magnetic Characteristics
  
  
Specific Gravity
11.85  
35
22.57  
11
Magnetic Ordering
Diamagnetic  
Paramagnetic  
Permeability
0.00 H/m  
17
0.00 H/m  
17
Susceptibility
0.00  
28
0.00  
17
Electrical Properties
  
  
Electrical Property
Conductor  
Conductor  
Resistivity
0.18 nΩ·m  
99+
81.20 nΩ·m  
35
Electrical Conductivity
0.06 106/cm Ω  
37
0.11 106/cm Ω  
21
Electron Affinity
19.20 kJ/mol  
38
106.10 kJ/mol  
10
Thermal
Specific Heat
0.13 J/(kg K)  
40
0.13 J/(kg K)  
40
Molar Heat Capacity
26.32 J/mol·K  
37
24.70 J/mol·K  
99+
Thermal Conductivity
46.10 W/m·K  
33
87.60 W/m·K  
19
Critical Temperature
577.00 K  
99+
3,300.00 K  
3
Thermal Expansion
29.90 µm/(m·K)  
12
5.10 µm/(m·K)  
99+
Enthalpy
  
  
Enthalpy of Vaporization
162.10 kJ/mol  
99+
627.60 kJ/mol  
8
Enthalpy of Fusion
4.27 kJ/mol  
99+
29.30 kJ/mol  
4
Enthalpy of Atomization
179.90 kJ/mol  
99+
669.00 kJ/mol  
6
Standard Molar Entropy
64.20 J/mol.K  
20
32.60 J/mol.K  
99+
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