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Thallium vs Osmium

Thallium
Osmium
Osmium vs Thallium


Periodic Table
Symbol
Tl   
Os   
Group Number
13   
5
8   
10
Period Number
6   
6   
Block
p block   
d block   
Element Family
Post-​Transition   
Transition Metal   
CAS Number
7440280   
99+
7440042   
99+
Space Group Name
P63/mmc   
P63/mmc   
Space Group Number
194.00   
5
194.00   
5
Facts
Interesting Facts
  • Compounds of Thallium metal are highly Toxic.
  • Thallium metal is being suspected as a human carcinogen.
  
  • Osmium metal does not oxidize in air unless it is heated.
  • But if it heated den it forms Osmium Tetroxide, which is highly toxic.
  
Sources
Found As a By-product, Ores of metals, Ores of Minerals   
Found As a By-product, Found in Minerals, Mining   
History
  
  
Who Discovered
William Crookes   
Smithson Tennant   
Discovery
In 1861   
In 1803   
Abundance
  
  
Abundance In Universe
5 * 10-9 %   
32
3 * 10-7 %   
21
Abundance In Sun
~0.0000001 %   
26
~0.0000002 %   
25
Abundance In Meteorites
0.00 %   
99+
0.00 %   
28
Abundance In Earth's Crust
0.00 %   
99+
0.00 %   
99+
Abundance In Oceans
0.00 %   
34
Not Available   
Uses
Uses & Benefits
  • Thallium is a toxic metal and hence it has limited uses. Thallium metal is mostly used for producing photoelectric cells.
  • In thermometer’s mercury alloy has 8% of thallium, as it has a melting point lower than 20°C.
  
  • Its has very limited uses and its alloys are very hard and are used in the manufacturing of pen tips, pivots, needles and electrical contacts.
  • It is also used as industrial catalyst to speed up the chemical reaction.
  
Industrial Uses
Chemical Industry   
Aerospace Industry, Automobile Industry, Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry   
Medical Uses
Medical Research   
NA   
Other Uses
Alloys   
Alloys   
Biological Properties
  
  
Toxicity
Highly Toxic   
Highly Toxic   
Present in Human Body
Yes   
No   
In Blood
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3   
34
Not Available   
In Bone
0.00 p.p.m.   
33
Not Available   
Physical Properties
Melting Point
303.50 °C   
99+
3,045.00 °C   
3
Boiling Point
1,457.00 °C   
99+
5,027.00 °C   
6
Appearance
  
  
Physical State
Solid   
Solid   
Color
Silvery White   
Silvery Bluish-Gray   
Luster
NA   
Metallic   
Hardness
  
  
Mohs Hardness
1.20   
20
7.00   
3
Brinell Hardness
26.50 MPa   
99+
3,490.00 MPa   
1
Speed of Sound
818.00 m/s   
99+
4,940.00 m/s   
11
Optical Properties
  
  
Allotropes
No   
No   
α Allotropes
Not Available   
Not Available   
β Allotropes
Not Available   
Not Available   
γ Allotropes
Not Available   
Not Available   
Chemical Properties
Chemical Formula
Tl   
Os   
Isotopes
  
  
Known Isotopes
32   
7
35   
4
Electronegativity
  
  
Pauling Electronegativity
1.62   
21
2.20   
4
Sanderson Electronegativity
2.25   
5
Not Available   
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.44   
17
1.52   
12
Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
1.96   
6
Not Available   
Allen Electronegativity
1.79   
13
1.65   
19
Electropositivity
  
  
Pauling Electropositivity
2.38   
33
1.80   
99+
Ionization Energies
  
  
1st Energy Level
589.40 kJ/mol   
99+
840.00 kJ/mol   
12
2nd Energy Level
1,971.00 kJ/mol   
14
1,309.80 kJ/mol   
99+
3rd Energy Level
2,878.00 kJ/mol   
32
1,600.00 kJ/mol   
99+
Electrochemical Equivalent
7.63 g/amp-hr   
2
1.77 g/amp-hr   
38
Electron Work Function
3.84 eV   
28
4.83 eV   
8
Other Chemical Properties
Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility   
Chemical Stability, Ionization, Solubility   
Atomic Properties
Atomic Number
81   
35
76   
40
Electron Configuration
[Xe] 4f14 5d10 6s2 6p1   
[Xe] 4f14 5d6 6s2   
Crystal Structure
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)   
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)   
Crystal Lattice
BCC-Crystal-Structure-.jpg#100   
BCC-Crystal-Structure-.jpg#100   
Atom
  
  
Number of Protons
81   
35
76   
39
Number of Neutrons
123   
20
114   
25
Number of Electrons
81   
35
76   
39
Radius of an Atom
  
  
Atomic Radius
170.00 pm   
22
133.80 pm   
99+
Covalent Radius
145.00 pm   
39
Not Available   
Van der Waals Radius
196.00 pm   
30
216.00 pm   
24
Atomic Weight
204.38 amu   
31
190.23 amu   
35
Atomic Volume
17.20 cm3/mol   
31
8.49 cm3/mol   
99+
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
  
  
Previous Element
Mercury
  
Rhenium
  
Next Element
Lead
  
Iridium
  
Valence Electron Potential
9.60 (-eV)   
99+
91.40 (-eV)   
12
Lattice Constant
345.66 pm   
99+
273.44 pm   
99+
Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3   
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3   
Lattice C/A Ratio
1.60   
6
1.58   
14
Mechanical Properties
Density
  
  
Density At Room Temperature
11.85 g/cm3   
31
22.59 g/cm3   
9
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
11.22 g/cm3   
13
20.00 g/cm3   
1
Tensile Strength
Not Available   
1,000.00 MPa   
4
Viscosity
Not Available   
Not Available   
Vapor Pressure
  
  
Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
16.90 (Pa)   
5
Not Available   
Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
Not Available   
0.00 (Pa)   
28
Elasticity properties
  
  
Shear Modulus
2.80 GPa   
99+
222.00 GPa   
1
Bulk Modulus
43.00 GPa   
28
462.00 GPa   
1
Young's Modulus
8.00 GPa   
99+
Not Available   
Poisson Ratio
0.45   
2
0.25   
24
Other Mechanical Properties
Ductile, Sectile   
Ductile   
Magnetic Properties
Magnetic Characteristics
  
  
Specific Gravity
11.85   
22
22.57   
2
Magnetic Ordering
Diamagnetic   
Paramagnetic   
Electrical Properties
  
  
Electrical Property
Conductor   
Conductor   
Resistivity
0.18 nΩ·m   
99+
81.20 nΩ·m   
35
Electrical Conductivity
0.06 106/cm Ω   
32
0.11 106/cm Ω   
18
Electron Affinity
19.20 kJ/mol   
32
106.10 kJ/mol   
9
Thermal Properties
Specific Heat
0.13 J/(kg K)   
39
0.13 J/(kg K)   
39
Molar Heat Capacity
26.32 J/mol·K   
29
24.70 J/mol·K   
99+
Thermal Conductivity
46.10 W/m·K   
33
87.60 W/m·K   
19
Critical Temperature
Not Available   
Not Available   
Thermal Expansion
29.90 µm/(m·K)   
12
5.10 µm/(m·K)   
99+
Enthalpy
  
  
Enthalpy of Vaporization
162.10 kJ/mol   
99+
627.60 kJ/mol   
7
Enthalpy of Fusion
4.27 kJ/mol   
99+
29.30 kJ/mol   
4
Enthalpy of Atomization
179.90 kJ/mol   
99+
669.00 kJ/mol   
6
Standard Molar Entropy
64.20 J/mol.K   
19
32.60 J/mol.K   
99+
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