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Osmium vs Thallium

Osmium
Thallium
Thallium vs Osmium


Periodic Table
Symbol
Os   
Tl   
Group Number
8   
10
13   
5
Period Number
6   
6   
Block
d block   
p block   
Element Family
Transition Metal   
Post-​Transition   
CAS Number
7440042   
99+
7440280   
99+
Space Group Name
P63/mmc   
P63/mmc   
Space Group Number
194.00   
5
194.00   
5
Facts
Interesting Facts
  • Osmium metal does not oxidize in air unless it is heated.
  • But if it heated den it forms Osmium Tetroxide, which is highly toxic.
  
  • Compounds of Thallium metal are highly Toxic.
  • Thallium metal is being suspected as a human carcinogen.
  
Sources
Found As a By-product, Found in Minerals, Mining   
Found As a By-product, Ores of metals, Ores of Minerals   
History
  
  
Who Discovered
Smithson Tennant   
William Crookes   
Discovery
In 1803   
In 1861   
Abundance
  
  
Abundance In Universe
3 * 10-7 %   
21
5 * 10-9 %   
32
Abundance In Sun
~0.0000002 %   
25
~0.0000001 %   
26
Abundance In Meteorites
0.00 %   
28
0.00 %   
99+
Abundance In Earth's Crust
0.00 %   
99+
0.00 %   
99+
Abundance In Oceans
Not Available   
0.00 %   
34
Uses
Uses & Benefits
  • Its has very limited uses and its alloys are very hard and are used in the manufacturing of pen tips, pivots, needles and electrical contacts.
  • It is also used as industrial catalyst to speed up the chemical reaction.
  
  • Thallium is a toxic metal and hence it has limited uses. Thallium metal is mostly used for producing photoelectric cells.
  • In thermometer’s mercury alloy has 8% of thallium, as it has a melting point lower than 20°C.
  
Industrial Uses
Aerospace Industry, Automobile Industry, Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry   
Chemical Industry   
Medical Uses
NA   
Medical Research   
Other Uses
Alloys   
Alloys   
Biological Properties
  
  
Toxicity
Highly Toxic   
Highly Toxic   
Present in Human Body
No   
Yes   
In Blood
Not Available   
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3   
34
In Bone
Not Available   
0.00 p.p.m.   
33
Physical Properties
Melting Point
3,045.00 °C   
3
303.50 °C   
99+
Boiling Point
5,027.00 °C   
6
1,457.00 °C   
99+
Appearance
  
  
Physical State
Solid   
Solid   
Color
Silvery Bluish-Gray   
Silvery White   
Luster
Metallic   
NA   
Hardness
  
  
Mohs Hardness
7.00   
3
1.20   
20
Brinell Hardness
3,490.00 MPa   
1
26.50 MPa   
99+
Speed of Sound
4,940.00 m/s   
11
818.00 m/s   
99+
Optical Properties
  
  
Allotropes
No   
No   
α Allotropes
Not Available   
Not Available   
β Allotropes
Not Available   
Not Available   
γ Allotropes
Not Available   
Not Available   
Chemical Properties
Chemical Formula
Os   
Tl   
Isotopes
  
  
Known Isotopes
35   
4
32   
7
Electronegativity
  
  
Pauling Electronegativity
2.20   
4
1.62   
21
Sanderson Electronegativity
Not Available   
2.25   
5
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.52   
12
1.44   
17
Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
Not Available   
1.96   
6
Allen Electronegativity
1.65   
19
1.79   
13
Electropositivity
  
  
Pauling Electropositivity
1.80   
99+
2.38   
33
Ionization Energies
  
  
1st Energy Level
840.00 kJ/mol   
12
589.40 kJ/mol   
99+
2nd Energy Level
1,309.80 kJ/mol   
99+
1,971.00 kJ/mol   
14
3rd Energy Level
1,600.00 kJ/mol   
99+
2,878.00 kJ/mol   
32
Electrochemical Equivalent
1.77 g/amp-hr   
38
7.63 g/amp-hr   
2
Electron Work Function
4.83 eV   
8
3.84 eV   
28
Other Chemical Properties
Chemical Stability, Ionization, Solubility   
Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility   
Atomic Properties
Atomic Number
76   
40
81   
35
Electron Configuration
[Xe] 4f14 5d6 6s2   
[Xe] 4f14 5d10 6s2 6p1   
Crystal Structure
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)   
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)   
Crystal Lattice
BCC-Crystal-Structure-.jpg#100   
BCC-Crystal-Structure-.jpg#100   
Atom
  
  
Number of Protons
76   
39
81   
35
Number of Neutrons
114   
25
123   
20
Number of Electrons
76   
39
81   
35
Radius of an Atom
  
  
Atomic Radius
133.80 pm   
99+
170.00 pm   
22
Covalent Radius
Not Available   
145.00 pm   
39
Van der Waals Radius
216.00 pm   
24
196.00 pm   
30
Atomic Weight
190.23 amu   
35
204.38 amu   
31
Atomic Volume
8.49 cm3/mol   
99+
17.20 cm3/mol   
31
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
  
  
Previous Element
Rhenium
  
Mercury
  
Next Element
Iridium
  
Lead
  
Valence Electron Potential
91.40 (-eV)   
12
9.60 (-eV)   
99+
Lattice Constant
273.44 pm   
99+
345.66 pm   
99+
Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3   
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3   
Lattice C/A Ratio
1.58   
14
1.60   
6
Mechanical Properties
Density
  
  
Density At Room Temperature
22.59 g/cm3   
9
11.85 g/cm3   
31
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
20.00 g/cm3   
1
11.22 g/cm3   
13
Tensile Strength
1,000.00 MPa   
4
Not Available   
Viscosity
Not Available   
Not Available   
Vapor Pressure
  
  
Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
Not Available   
16.90 (Pa)   
5
Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
0.00 (Pa)   
28
Not Available   
Elasticity properties
  
  
Shear Modulus
222.00 GPa   
1
2.80 GPa   
99+
Bulk Modulus
462.00 GPa   
1
43.00 GPa   
28
Young's Modulus
Not Available   
8.00 GPa   
99+
Poisson Ratio
0.25   
24
0.45   
2
Other Mechanical Properties
Ductile   
Ductile, Sectile   
Magnetic Properties
Magnetic Characteristics
  
  
Specific Gravity
22.57   
2
11.85   
22
Magnetic Ordering
Paramagnetic   
Diamagnetic   
Electrical Properties
  
  
Electrical Property
Conductor   
Conductor   
Resistivity
81.20 nΩ·m   
35
0.18 nΩ·m   
99+
Electrical Conductivity
0.11 106/cm Ω   
18
0.06 106/cm Ω   
32
Electron Affinity
106.10 kJ/mol   
9
19.20 kJ/mol   
32
Thermal Properties
Specific Heat
0.13 J/(kg K)   
39
0.13 J/(kg K)   
39
Molar Heat Capacity
24.70 J/mol·K   
99+
26.32 J/mol·K   
29
Thermal Conductivity
87.60 W/m·K   
19
46.10 W/m·K   
33
Critical Temperature
Not Available   
Not Available   
Thermal Expansion
5.10 µm/(m·K)   
99+
29.90 µm/(m·K)   
12
Enthalpy
  
  
Enthalpy of Vaporization
627.60 kJ/mol   
7
162.10 kJ/mol   
99+
Enthalpy of Fusion
29.30 kJ/mol   
4
4.27 kJ/mol   
99+
Enthalpy of Atomization
669.00 kJ/mol   
6
179.90 kJ/mol   
99+
Standard Molar Entropy
32.60 J/mol.K   
99+
64.20 J/mol.K   
19
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