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Thallium vs Molybdenum

Thallium
Molybdenum
Molybdenum vs Thallium


Periodic Table
Symbol
Tl   
Mo   
Group Number
13   
5
6   
12
Period Number
6   
5   
Block
p block   
d block   
Element Family
Post-​Transition   
Transition Metal   
CAS Number
7440280   
99+
7439987   
99+
Space Group Name
P63/mmc   
Im_ 3m   
Space Group Number
194.00   
5
229.00   
1
Facts
Interesting Facts
  • Compounds of Thallium metal are highly Toxic.
  • Thallium metal is being suspected as a human carcinogen.
  
  • Molybdenum is highly reactive metal, hence not found free in nature .
  • Till 18th century Molybdenum element were often mistaken as a carbon or Lead.
  
Sources
Found As a By-product, Ores of metals, Ores of Minerals   
Found in Minerals, Mining, Ores of Minerals   
History
  
  
Who Discovered
William Crookes   
Carl Wilhelm Scheele   
Discovery
In 1861   
In 1778   
Abundance
  
  
Abundance In Universe
5 * 10-9 %   
32
5 * 10-7 %   
19
Abundance In Sun
~0.0000001 %   
26
~0.0000009 %   
19
Abundance In Meteorites
0.00 %   
99+
0.00 %   
24
Abundance In Earth's Crust
0.00 %   
99+
0.00 %   
39
Abundance In Oceans
0.00 %   
34
0.00 %   
9
Abundance In Humans
Not Available   
0.00 %   
14
Uses
Uses & Benefits
  • Thallium is a toxic metal and hence it has limited uses. Thallium metal is mostly used for producing photoelectric cells.
  • In thermometer’s mercury alloy has 8% of thallium, as it has a melting point lower than 20°C.
  
  • Its alloys are used to make engine parts, drills, saw blade, etc.
  • Lubricant additive made up of Molybdenum disulfide is commonly used in the industry. It is also used as a catalyst.
  
Industrial Uses
Chemical Industry   
Aerospace Industry, Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry   
Medical Uses
Medical Research   
NA   
Other Uses
Alloys   
Alloys   
Biological Properties
  
  
Toxicity
Highly Toxic   
Toxic   
Present in Human Body
Yes   
Yes   
In Blood
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3   
34
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3   
31
In Bone
0.00 p.p.m.   
33
0.70 p.p.m.   
18
Physical Properties
Melting Point
303.50 °C   
99+
2,617.00 °C   
5
Boiling Point
1,457.00 °C   
99+
4,612.00 °C   
9
Appearance
  
  
Physical State
Solid   
Solid   
Color
Silvery White   
Gray   
Luster
NA   
Metallic   
Hardness
  
  
Mohs Hardness
1.20   
20
5.50   
7
Brinell Hardness
26.50 MPa   
99+
1,370.00 MPa   
7
Vickers Hardness
Not Available   
1,400.00 MPa   
6
Speed of Sound
818.00 m/s   
99+
5,400.00 m/s   
6
Optical Properties
  
  
Reflectivity
Not Available   
58.00 %   
15
Allotropes
No   
No   
α Allotropes
Not Available   
Not Available   
β Allotropes
Not Available   
Not Available   
γ Allotropes
Not Available   
Not Available   
Chemical Properties
Chemical Formula
Tl   
Mo   
Isotopes
  
  
Known Isotopes
32   
7
25   
14
Electronegativity
  
  
Pauling Electronegativity
1.62   
21
2.16   
5
Sanderson Electronegativity
2.25   
5
1.15   
19
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.44   
17
1.30   
24
Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
1.96   
6
Not Available   
Allen Electronegativity
1.79   
13
2.16   
3
Electropositivity
  
  
Pauling Electropositivity
2.38   
33
1.84   
99+
Ionization Energies
  
  
1st Energy Level
589.40 kJ/mol   
99+
684.30 kJ/mol   
37
2nd Energy Level
1,971.00 kJ/mol   
14
1,560.00 kJ/mol   
37
3rd Energy Level
2,878.00 kJ/mol   
32
2,618.00 kJ/mol   
99+
4th Energy Level
Not Available   
4,480.00 kJ/mol   
26
5th Energy Level
Not Available   
5,257.00 kJ/mol   
32
6th Energy Level
Not Available   
6,640.80 kJ/mol   
22
7th Energy level
Not Available   
12,125.00 kJ/mol   
13
8th Energy Level
Not Available   
13,860.00 kJ/mol   
16
9th Energy Level
Not Available   
15,835.00 kJ/mol   
16
10th Energy Level
Not Available   
17,980.00 kJ/mol   
18
11th Energy Level
Not Available   
20,190.00 kJ/mol   
17
12th Energy Level
Not Available   
22,219.00 kJ/mol   
15
13th Energy Level
Not Available   
26,930.00 kJ/mol   
13
14th Energy Level
Not Available   
29,196.00 kJ/mol   
13
15th Energy Level
Not Available   
52,490.00 kJ/mol   
7
16th Energy Level
Not Available   
55,000.00 kJ/mol   
8
17th Energy Level
Not Available   
61,400.00 kJ/mol   
9
18th Energy Level
Not Available   
67,700.00 kJ/mol   
9
19th Energy Level
Not Available   
74,000.00 kJ/mol   
9
20th Energy Level
Not Available   
80,400.00 kJ/mol   
10
21st Energy Level
Not Available   
87,000.00 kJ/mol   
9
22nd Energy Level
Not Available   
93,400.00 kJ/mol   
7
23rd Energy Level
Not Available   
98,420.00 kJ/mol   
6
24th Energy Level
Not Available   
104,400.00 kJ/mol   
2
25th Energy Level
Not Available   
121,900.00 kJ/mol   
1
26th Energy Level
Not Available   
127,700.00 kJ/mol   
1
27th Energy Level
Not Available   
133,800.00 kJ/mol   
1
28th Energy Level
Not Available   
139,800.00 kJ/mol   
1
29th Energy Level
Not Available   
148,100.00 kJ/mol   
1
30th Energy Level
Not Available   
154,500.00 kJ/mol   
1
Electrochemical Equivalent
7.63 g/amp-hr   
2
0.89 g/amp-hr   
99+
Electron Work Function
3.84 eV   
28
4.60 eV   
12
Other Chemical Properties
Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility   
Anti Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility   
Atomic Properties
Atomic Number
81   
35
42   
99+
Electron Configuration
[Xe] 4f14 5d10 6s2 6p1   
[Kr] 4d5 5s1   
Crystal Structure
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)   
Body Centered Cubic (BCC)   
Crystal Lattice
BCC-Crystal-Structure-.jpg#100   
BCC-Crystal-Structure-.jpg#100   
Atom
  
  
Number of Protons
81   
35
42   
99+
Number of Neutrons
123   
20
54   
99+
Number of Electrons
81   
35
42   
99+
Radius of an Atom
  
  
Atomic Radius
170.00 pm   
22
139.00 pm   
39
Covalent Radius
145.00 pm   
39
154.00 pm   
32
Van der Waals Radius
196.00 pm   
30
200.00 pm   
28
Atomic Weight
204.38 amu   
31
95.95 amu   
99+
Atomic Volume
17.20 cm3/mol   
31
9.40 cm3/mol   
99+
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
  
  
Previous Element
Mercury
  
Niobium
  
Next Element
Lead
  
Technetium
  
Valence Electron Potential
9.60 (-eV)   
99+
88.60 (-eV)   
13
Lattice Constant
345.66 pm   
99+
314.70 pm   
99+
Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3   
π/2, π/2, π/2   
Lattice C/A Ratio
1.60   
6
Not Available   
Mechanical Properties
Density
  
  
Density At Room Temperature
11.85 g/cm3   
31
10.28 g/cm3   
36
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
11.22 g/cm3   
13
9.33 g/cm3   
20
Tensile Strength
Not Available   
324.00 MPa   
13
Viscosity
Not Available   
Not Available   
Vapor Pressure
  
  
Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
16.90 (Pa)   
5
Not Available   
Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
Not Available   
0.00 (Pa)   
26
Elasticity properties
  
  
Shear Modulus
2.80 GPa   
99+
126.00 GPa   
8
Bulk Modulus
43.00 GPa   
28
230.00 GPa   
6
Young's Modulus
8.00 GPa   
99+
329.00 GPa   
6
Poisson Ratio
0.45   
2
0.31   
13
Other Mechanical Properties
Ductile, Sectile   
Ductile, Weldable   
Magnetic Properties
Magnetic Characteristics
  
  
Specific Gravity
11.85   
22
10.22   
27
Magnetic Ordering
Diamagnetic   
Paramagnetic   
Electrical Properties
  
  
Electrical Property
Conductor   
Semiconductor   
Resistivity
0.18 nΩ·m   
99+
53.40 nΩ·m   
99+
Electrical Conductivity
0.06 106/cm Ω   
32
0.19 106/cm Ω   
11
Electron Affinity
19.20 kJ/mol   
32
71.90 kJ/mol   
14
Thermal Properties
Specific Heat
0.13 J/(kg K)   
39
0.25 J/(kg K)   
21
Molar Heat Capacity
26.32 J/mol·K   
29
24.06 J/mol·K   
99+
Thermal Conductivity
46.10 W/m·K   
33
138.00 W/m·K   
12
Critical Temperature
Not Available   
Not Available   
Thermal Expansion
29.90 µm/(m·K)   
12
4.80 µm/(m·K)   
99+
Enthalpy
  
  
Enthalpy of Vaporization
162.10 kJ/mol   
99+
594.10 kJ/mol   
8
Enthalpy of Fusion
4.27 kJ/mol   
99+
27.61 kJ/mol   
5
Enthalpy of Atomization
179.90 kJ/mol   
99+
653.00 kJ/mol   
7
Standard Molar Entropy
64.20 J/mol.K   
19
28.70 J/mol.K   
99+
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