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Thallium vs Cadmium

Thallium
Cadmium
Cadmium vs Thallium


Periodic Table
Symbol
Tl   
Cd   
Group Number
13   
5
12   
6
Period Number
6   
5   
Block
p block   
d block   
Element Family
Post-​Transition   
Transition Metal   
CAS Number
7440280   
99+
7440439   
99+
Space Group Name
P63/mmc   
P63/mmc   
Space Group Number
194.00   
5
194.00   
5
Facts
Interesting Facts
  • Compounds of Thallium metal are highly Toxic.
  • Thallium metal is being suspected as a human carcinogen.
  
  • Naturally occurring minor elements include Cadmium.
  • Cadmium is released into atmosphere to control volcanic eruption and forest fires.
  • It is used for electroplating of Steel for corrosion resistance.
  • It can absorb neutrons and used in nuclear reactor to control atomic fission.
  
Sources
Found As a By-product, Ores of metals, Ores of Minerals   
Found As a By-product, Found in Minerals, Mining   
History
  
  
Who Discovered
William Crookes   
Karl Samuel Leberecht Hermann and Friedrich Stromeyer   
Discovery
In 1861   
In 1817   
Abundance
  
  
Abundance In Universe
5 * 10-9 %   
32
2 * 10-7 %   
22
Abundance In Sun
~0.0000001 %   
26
~0.0000006 %   
21
Abundance In Meteorites
0.00 %   
99+
0.00 %   
31
Abundance In Earth's Crust
0.00 %   
99+
0.00 %   
99+
Abundance In Oceans
0.00 %   
34
0.00 %   
28
Abundance In Humans
Not Available   
0.00 %   
11
Uses
Uses & Benefits
  • Thallium is a toxic metal and hence it has limited uses. Thallium metal is mostly used for producing photoelectric cells.
  • In thermometer’s mercury alloy has 8% of thallium, as it has a melting point lower than 20°C.
  
  • It has very limited uses as it is a toxic metal and it can cause birth defects, cancer, etc.
  • Almost 80% of Cadmium metal is used in Nickel cadmium Batteries and now it is getting replaced with nickel hydride.
  
Industrial Uses
Chemical Industry   
Aerospace Industry, Ammunition Industry, Chemical Industry, Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry   
Medical Uses
Medical Research   
NA   
Other Uses
Alloys   
Alloys   
Biological Properties
  
  
Toxicity
Highly Toxic   
Toxic   
Present in Human Body
Yes   
Yes   
In Blood
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3   
34
0.01 Blood/mg dm-3   
24
In Bone
0.00 p.p.m.   
33
1.80 p.p.m.   
15
Physical Properties
Melting Point
303.50 °C   
99+
320.90 °C   
99+
Boiling Point
1,457.00 °C   
99+
765.00 °C   
99+
Appearance
  
  
Physical State
Solid   
Solid   
Color
Silvery White   
Silvery Bluish-Gray   
Luster
NA   
Metallic   
Hardness
  
  
Mohs Hardness
1.20   
20
2.00   
16
Brinell Hardness
26.50 MPa   
99+
203.00 MPa   
39
Speed of Sound
818.00 m/s   
99+
2,310.00 m/s   
39
Optical Properties
  
  
Reflectivity
Not Available   
67.00 %   
11
Allotropes
No   
No   
α Allotropes
Not Available   
Not Available   
β Allotropes
Not Available   
Not Available   
γ Allotropes
Not Available   
Not Available   
Chemical Properties
Chemical Formula
Tl   
Cd   
Isotopes
  
  
Known Isotopes
32   
7
34   
5
Electronegativity
  
  
Pauling Electronegativity
1.62   
21
1.69   
17
Sanderson Electronegativity
2.25   
5
1.98   
9
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.44   
17
1.46   
15
Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
1.96   
6
1.53   
13
Allen Electronegativity
1.79   
13
1.52   
27
Electropositivity
  
  
Pauling Electropositivity
2.38   
33
2.31   
37
Ionization Energies
  
  
1st Energy Level
589.40 kJ/mol   
99+
867.80 kJ/mol   
11
2nd Energy Level
1,971.00 kJ/mol   
14
1,631.40 kJ/mol   
32
3rd Energy Level
2,878.00 kJ/mol   
32
3,616.00 kJ/mol   
13
Electrochemical Equivalent
7.63 g/amp-hr   
2
2.10 g/amp-hr   
27
Electron Work Function
3.84 eV   
28
4.22 eV   
22
Other Chemical Properties
Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility   
Chemical Stability, Anti Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility   
Atomic Properties
Atomic Number
81   
35
48   
99+
Electron Configuration
[Xe] 4f14 5d10 6s2 6p1   
[Kr] 4d10 5s2   
Crystal Structure
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)   
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)   
Crystal Lattice
BCC-Crystal-Structure-.jpg#100   
HCP-Crystal-Structure-of-Cadmium.jpg#100   
Atom
  
  
Number of Protons
81   
35
48   
99+
Number of Neutrons
123   
20
64   
99+
Number of Electrons
81   
35
48   
99+
Radius of an Atom
  
  
Atomic Radius
170.00 pm   
22
151.00 pm   
32
Covalent Radius
145.00 pm   
39
144.00 pm   
40
Van der Waals Radius
196.00 pm   
30
158.00 pm   
99+
Atomic Weight
204.38 amu   
31
112.41 amu   
99+
Atomic Volume
17.20 cm3/mol   
31
13.10 cm3/mol   
39
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
  
  
Previous Element
Mercury
  
Silver
  
Next Element
Lead
  
Indium
  
Valence Electron Potential
9.60 (-eV)   
99+
30.00 (-eV)   
99+
Lattice Constant
345.66 pm   
99+
297.94 pm   
99+
Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3   
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3   
Lattice C/A Ratio
1.60   
6
1.89   
1
Mechanical Properties
Density
  
  
Density At Room Temperature
11.85 g/cm3   
31
8.65 g/cm3   
99+
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
11.22 g/cm3   
13
8.00 g/cm3   
28
Tensile Strength
Not Available   
62.00 MPa   
16
Viscosity
Not Available   
Not Available   
Vapor Pressure
  
  
Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
16.90 (Pa)   
5
Not Available   
Elasticity properties
  
  
Shear Modulus
2.80 GPa   
99+
19.00 GPa   
35
Bulk Modulus
43.00 GPa   
28
42.00 GPa   
29
Young's Modulus
8.00 GPa   
99+
50.00 GPa   
36
Poisson Ratio
0.45   
2
0.30   
14
Other Mechanical Properties
Ductile, Sectile   
Ductile, Malleable   
Magnetic Properties
Magnetic Characteristics
  
  
Specific Gravity
11.85   
22
8.65   
36
Magnetic Ordering
Diamagnetic   
Diamagnetic   
Electrical Properties
  
  
Electrical Property
Conductor   
Semiconductor   
Resistivity
0.18 nΩ·m   
99+
72.70 nΩ·m   
36
Electrical Conductivity
0.06 106/cm Ω   
32
0.14 106/cm Ω   
15
Electron Affinity
19.20 kJ/mol   
32
0.00 kJ/mol   
40
Thermal Properties
Specific Heat
0.13 J/(kg K)   
39
0.23 J/(kg K)   
26
Molar Heat Capacity
26.32 J/mol·K   
29
26.02 J/mol·K   
32
Thermal Conductivity
46.10 W/m·K   
33
96.60 W/m·K   
16
Critical Temperature
Not Available   
Not Available   
Thermal Expansion
29.90 µm/(m·K)   
12
30.80 µm/(m·K)   
10
Enthalpy
  
  
Enthalpy of Vaporization
162.10 kJ/mol   
99+
100.00 kJ/mol   
99+
Enthalpy of Fusion
4.27 kJ/mol   
99+
6.19 kJ/mol   
99+
Enthalpy of Atomization
179.90 kJ/mol   
99+
113.00 kJ/mol   
99+
Standard Molar Entropy
64.20 J/mol.K   
19
51.80 J/mol.K   
27
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