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Thallium vs Cadmium

Thallium
Cadmium
Cadmium vs Thallium


Periodic Table
Symbol
Tl  
Cd  
Group Number
13  
5
12  
6
Period Number
6  
5  
Block
p block  
d block  
Element Family
Post-​Transition  
Transition Metal  
CAS Number
7440280  
99+
7440439  
99+
Space Group Name
P63/mmc  
P63/mmc  
Space Group Number
194.00  
7
194.00  
7
Facts
Interesting Facts
  • Compounds of Thallium metal are highly Toxic.
  • Thallium metal is being suspected as a human carcinogen.
  
  • Naturally occurring minor elements include Cadmium.
  • Cadmium is released into atmosphere to control volcanic eruption and forest fires.
  • It is used for electroplating of Steel for corrosion resistance.
  • It can absorb neutrons and used in nuclear reactor to control atomic fission.
  
Sources
Found As a By-product, Ores of metals, Ores of Minerals  
Found As a By-product, Found in Minerals, Mining  
History
  
  
Who Discovered
William Crookes  
Karl Samuel Leberecht Hermann and Friedrich Stromeyer  
Discovery
In 1861  
In 1817  
Abundance
  
  
Abundance In Universe
0.00 %  
33
0.00 %  
23
Abundance In Sun
0.00 %  
26
0.00 %  
21
Abundance In Meteorites
0.00 %  
99+
0.00 %  
31
Abundance In Earth's Crust
0.00 %  
99+
0.00 %  
99+
Abundance In Oceans
0.00 %  
34
0.00 %  
28
Abundance In Humans
0.00 %  
24
0.00 %  
12
Uses
Uses & Benefits
  • Thallium is a toxic metal and hence it has limited uses. Thallium metal is mostly used for producing photoelectric cells.
  • In thermometer’s mercury alloy has 8% of thallium, as it has a melting point lower than 20°C.
  
  • It has very limited uses as it is a toxic metal and it can cause birth defects, cancer, etc.
  • Almost 80% of Cadmium metal is used in Nickel cadmium Batteries and now it is getting replaced with nickel hydride.
  
Industrial Uses
Chemical Industry  
Aerospace Industry, Ammunition Industry, Chemical Industry, Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry  
Medical Uses
Medical Research  
-  
Other Uses
Alloys  
Alloys  
Biological Properties
  
  
Toxicity
Highly Toxic  
Toxic  
Present in Human Body
Yes  
Yes  
In Blood
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3  
37
0.01 Blood/mg dm-3  
24
In Bone
0.00 p.p.m.  
38
1.80 p.p.m.  
16
Physical
Melting Point
303.50 °C  
99+
320.90 °C  
99+
Boiling Point
1,457.00 °C  
99+
765.00 °C  
99+
Appearance
  
  
Physical State
Solid  
Solid  
Color
Silvery White  
Silvery Bluish-Gray  
Luster
-  
Metallic  
Hardness
  
  
Mohs Hardness
1.20  
21
2.00  
17
Brinell Hardness
26.50 MPa  
99+
203.00 MPa  
99+
Vickers Hardness
120.00 MPa  
99+
90.00 MPa  
99+
Speed of Sound
818.00 m/s  
99+
2,310.00 m/s  
99+
Optical Properties
  
  
Refractive Index
1.90  
18
1.71  
26
Reflectivity
8.00 %  
37
67.00 %  
16
Allotropes
No  
No  
α Allotropes
-  
-  
β Allotropes
-  
-  
γ Allotropes
-  
-  
Chemical
Chemical Formula
Tl  
Cd  
Isotopes
  
  
Known Isotopes
32  
7
34  
5
Electronegativity
  
  
Pauling Electronegativity
1.62  
22
1.69  
18
Sanderson Electronegativity
2.25  
6
1.98  
11
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.44  
18
1.46  
16
Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
1.96  
11
1.53  
25
Allen Electronegativity
1.79  
16
1.52  
30
Electropositivity
  
  
Pauling Electropositivity
2.38  
33
2.31  
37
Ionization Energies
  
  
1st Energy Level
589.40 kJ/mol  
99+
867.80 kJ/mol  
11
2nd Energy Level
1,971.00 kJ/mol  
14
1,631.40 kJ/mol  
33
3rd Energy Level
2,878.00 kJ/mol  
32
3,616.00 kJ/mol  
13
4th Energy Level
5,890.00 kJ/mol  
17
867.80 kJ/mol  
99+
5th Energy Level
5,890.00 kJ/mol  
99+
4,040.00 kJ/mol  
99+
6th Energy Level
5,890.00 kJ/mol  
99+
8,640.00 kJ/mol  
28
7th Energy level
5,890.00 kJ/mol  
99+
8,640.00 kJ/mol  
24
8th Energy Level
5,890.00 kJ/mol  
99+
8,640.00 kJ/mol  
24
9th Energy Level
5,890.00 kJ/mol  
99+
8,670.00 kJ/mol  
22
10th Energy Level
5,890.00 kJ/mol  
99+
8,650.00 kJ/mol  
25
11th Energy Level
5,890.00 kJ/mol  
99+
8,670.00 kJ/mol  
22
12th Energy Level
5,890.00 kJ/mol  
99+
86,400.00 kJ/mol  
3
13th Energy Level
5,890.00 kJ/mol  
99+
8,640.00 kJ/mol  
17
14th Energy Level
5,890.00 kJ/mol  
37
8,650.00 kJ/mol  
15
15th Energy Level
58,900.00 kJ/mol  
99+
86,400.00 kJ/mol  
10
16th Energy Level
58,900.00 kJ/mol  
38
86,400.00 kJ/mol  
10
17th Energy Level
589.40 kJ/mol  
99+
864.90 kJ/mol  
28
18th Energy Level
5,890.00 kJ/mol  
99+
8,670.00 kJ/mol  
17
19th Energy Level
589.40 kJ/mol  
99+
867.80 kJ/mol  
26
20th Energy Level
589.00 kJ/mol  
99+
865.00 kJ/mol  
16
21st Energy Level
589.40 kJ/mol  
99+
8,670.00 kJ/mol  
10
22nd Energy Level
589.00 kJ/mol  
99+
864.00 kJ/mol  
14
23rd Energy Level
589.40 kJ/mol  
99+
864.90 kJ/mol  
40
24th Energy Level
589.40 kJ/mol  
99+
864.90 kJ/mol  
10
25th Energy Level
589.40 kJ/mol  
99+
864.00 kJ/mol  
8
26th Energy Level
589.40 kJ/mol  
99+
864.90 kJ/mol  
8
27th Energy Level
589.40 kJ/mol  
99+
864.90 kJ/mol  
8
28th Energy Level
589.40 kJ/mol  
99+
864.90 kJ/mol  
11
29th Energy Level
589.40 kJ/mol  
99+
864.90 kJ/mol  
12
30th Energy Level
589.40 kJ/mol  
99+
864.00 kJ/mol  
8
Electrochemical Equivalent
7.63 g/amp-hr  
2
2.10 g/amp-hr  
31
Electron Work Function
3.84 eV  
39
4.22 eV  
29
Other Chemical Properties
Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility  
Chemical Stability, Anti Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility  
Atomic
Atomic Number
81  
35
48  
99+
Electron Configuration
[Xe] 4f14 5d10 6s2 6p1  
[Kr] 4d10 5s2  
Crystal Structure
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)  
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)  
Crystal Lattice
BCC-Crystal-Structure-.jpg#100  
HCP-Crystal-Structure-of-Cadmium.jpg#100  
Atom
  
  
Number of Protons
81  
35
48  
99+
Number of Neutrons
123  
21
64  
99+
Number of Electrons
81  
35
48  
99+
Radius of an Atom
  
  
Atomic Radius
170.00 pm  
24
151.00 pm  
34
Covalent Radius
145.00 pm  
99+
144.00 pm  
99+
Van der Waals Radius
196.00 pm  
37
158.00 pm  
99+
Atomic Weight
204.38 amu  
31
112.41 amu  
99+
Atomic Volume
17.20 cm3/mol  
99+
13.10 cm3/mol  
99+
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
  
  
Previous Element
Mercury
  
Silver
  
Next Element
Lead
  
Indium
  
Valence Electron Potential
9.60 (-eV)  
99+
30.00 (-eV)  
99+
Lattice Constant
345.66 pm  
99+
297.94 pm  
99+
Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3  
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3  
Lattice C/A Ratio
1.60  
23
1.89  
2
Mechanical
Density
  
  
Density At Room Temperature
11.85 g/cm3  
33
8.65 g/cm3  
99+
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
11.22 g/cm3  
33
8.00 g/cm3  
99+
Tensile Strength
47.00 MPa  
39
62.00 MPa  
34
Viscosity
0.00  
22
0.00  
13
Vapor Pressure
  
  
Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
16.90 (Pa)  
5
0.00 (Pa)  
22
Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
0.00 (Pa)  
38
0.00 (Pa)  
24
Elasticity properties
  
  
Shear Modulus
2.80 GPa  
99+
19.00 GPa  
99+
Bulk Modulus
43.00 GPa  
33
42.00 GPa  
34
Young's Modulus
8.00 GPa  
99+
50.00 GPa  
39
Poisson Ratio
0.45  
2
0.30  
14
Other Mechanical Properties
Ductile, Sectile  
Ductile, Malleable  
Magnetic
Magnetic Characteristics
  
  
Specific Gravity
11.85  
35
8.65  
99+
Magnetic Ordering
Diamagnetic  
Diamagnetic  
Permeability
0.00 H/m  
17
0.00 H/m  
10
Susceptibility
0.00  
28
0.00  
24
Electrical Properties
  
  
Electrical Property
Conductor  
Semiconductor  
Resistivity
0.18 nΩ·m  
99+
72.70 nΩ·m  
36
Electrical Conductivity
0.06 106/cm Ω  
37
0.14 106/cm Ω  
17
Electron Affinity
19.20 kJ/mol  
38
0.00 kJ/mol  
99+
Thermal
Specific Heat
0.13 J/(kg K)  
40
0.23 J/(kg K)  
26
Molar Heat Capacity
26.32 J/mol·K  
37
26.02 J/mol·K  
40
Thermal Conductivity
46.10 W/m·K  
33
96.60 W/m·K  
16
Critical Temperature
577.00 K  
99+
594.00 K  
99+
Thermal Expansion
29.90 µm/(m·K)  
12
30.80 µm/(m·K)  
10
Enthalpy
  
  
Enthalpy of Vaporization
162.10 kJ/mol  
99+
100.00 kJ/mol  
99+
Enthalpy of Fusion
4.27 kJ/mol  
99+
6.19 kJ/mol  
99+
Enthalpy of Atomization
179.90 kJ/mol  
99+
113.00 kJ/mol  
99+
Standard Molar Entropy
64.20 J/mol.K  
20
51.80 J/mol.K  
38
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