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Cadmium vs Thallium

Cadmium
Thallium
Thallium vs Cadmium


Periodic Table
Symbol
Cd  
Tl  
Group Number
12  
6
13  
5
Period Number
5  
6  
Block
d block  
p block  
Element Family
Transition Metal  
Post-​Transition  
CAS Number
7440439  
99+
7440280  
99+
Space Group Name
P63/mmc  
P63/mmc  
Space Group Number
194.00  
7
194.00  
7
Facts
Interesting Facts
  • Naturally occurring minor elements include Cadmium.
  • Cadmium is released into atmosphere to control volcanic eruption and forest fires.
  • It is used for electroplating of Steel for corrosion resistance.
  • It can absorb neutrons and used in nuclear reactor to control atomic fission.
  
  • Compounds of Thallium metal are highly Toxic.
  • Thallium metal is being suspected as a human carcinogen.
  
Sources
Found As a By-product, Found in Minerals, Mining  
Found As a By-product, Ores of metals, Ores of Minerals  
History
  
  
Who Discovered
Karl Samuel Leberecht Hermann and Friedrich Stromeyer  
William Crookes  
Discovery
In 1817  
In 1861  
Abundance
  
  
Abundance In Universe
0.00 %  
23
0.00 %  
33
Abundance In Sun
0.00 %  
21
0.00 %  
26
Abundance In Meteorites
0.00 %  
31
0.00 %  
99+
Abundance In Earth's Crust
0.00 %  
99+
0.00 %  
99+
Abundance In Oceans
0.00 %  
28
0.00 %  
34
Abundance In Humans
0.00 %  
12
0.00 %  
24
Uses
Uses & Benefits
  • It has very limited uses as it is a toxic metal and it can cause birth defects, cancer, etc.
  • Almost 80% of Cadmium metal is used in Nickel cadmium Batteries and now it is getting replaced with nickel hydride.
  
  • Thallium is a toxic metal and hence it has limited uses. Thallium metal is mostly used for producing photoelectric cells.
  • In thermometer’s mercury alloy has 8% of thallium, as it has a melting point lower than 20°C.
  
Industrial Uses
Aerospace Industry, Ammunition Industry, Chemical Industry, Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry  
Chemical Industry  
Medical Uses
-  
Medical Research  
Other Uses
Alloys  
Alloys  
Biological Properties
  
  
Toxicity
Toxic  
Highly Toxic  
Present in Human Body
Yes  
Yes  
In Blood
0.01 Blood/mg dm-3  
24
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3  
37
In Bone
1.80 p.p.m.  
16
0.00 p.p.m.  
38
Physical
Melting Point
320.90 °C  
99+
303.50 °C  
99+
Boiling Point
765.00 °C  
99+
1,457.00 °C  
99+
Appearance
  
  
Physical State
Solid  
Solid  
Color
Silvery Bluish-Gray  
Silvery White  
Luster
Metallic  
-  
Hardness
  
  
Mohs Hardness
2.00  
17
1.20  
21
Brinell Hardness
203.00 MPa  
99+
26.50 MPa  
99+
Vickers Hardness
90.00 MPa  
99+
120.00 MPa  
99+
Speed of Sound
2,310.00 m/s  
99+
818.00 m/s  
99+
Optical Properties
  
  
Refractive Index
1.71  
26
1.90  
18
Reflectivity
67.00 %  
16
8.00 %  
37
Allotropes
No  
No  
α Allotropes
-  
-  
β Allotropes
-  
-  
γ Allotropes
-  
-  
Chemical
Chemical Formula
Cd  
Tl  
Isotopes
  
  
Known Isotopes
34  
5
32  
7
Electronegativity
  
  
Pauling Electronegativity
1.69  
18
1.62  
22
Sanderson Electronegativity
1.98  
11
2.25  
6
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.46  
16
1.44  
18
Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
1.53  
25
1.96  
11
Allen Electronegativity
1.52  
30
1.79  
16
Electropositivity
  
  
Pauling Electropositivity
2.31  
37
2.38  
33
Ionization Energies
  
  
1st Energy Level
867.80 kJ/mol  
11
589.40 kJ/mol  
99+
2nd Energy Level
1,631.40 kJ/mol  
33
1,971.00 kJ/mol  
14
3rd Energy Level
3,616.00 kJ/mol  
13
2,878.00 kJ/mol  
32
4th Energy Level
867.80 kJ/mol  
99+
5,890.00 kJ/mol  
17
5th Energy Level
4,040.00 kJ/mol  
99+
5,890.00 kJ/mol  
99+
6th Energy Level
8,640.00 kJ/mol  
28
5,890.00 kJ/mol  
99+
7th Energy level
8,640.00 kJ/mol  
24
5,890.00 kJ/mol  
99+
8th Energy Level
8,640.00 kJ/mol  
24
5,890.00 kJ/mol  
99+
9th Energy Level
8,670.00 kJ/mol  
22
5,890.00 kJ/mol  
99+
10th Energy Level
8,650.00 kJ/mol  
25
5,890.00 kJ/mol  
99+
11th Energy Level
8,670.00 kJ/mol  
22
5,890.00 kJ/mol  
99+
12th Energy Level
86,400.00 kJ/mol  
3
5,890.00 kJ/mol  
99+
13th Energy Level
8,640.00 kJ/mol  
17
5,890.00 kJ/mol  
99+
14th Energy Level
8,650.00 kJ/mol  
15
5,890.00 kJ/mol  
37
15th Energy Level
86,400.00 kJ/mol  
10
58,900.00 kJ/mol  
99+
16th Energy Level
86,400.00 kJ/mol  
10
58,900.00 kJ/mol  
38
17th Energy Level
864.90 kJ/mol  
28
589.40 kJ/mol  
99+
18th Energy Level
8,670.00 kJ/mol  
17
5,890.00 kJ/mol  
99+
19th Energy Level
867.80 kJ/mol  
26
589.40 kJ/mol  
99+
20th Energy Level
865.00 kJ/mol  
16
589.00 kJ/mol  
99+
21st Energy Level
8,670.00 kJ/mol  
10
589.40 kJ/mol  
99+
22nd Energy Level
864.00 kJ/mol  
14
589.00 kJ/mol  
99+
23rd Energy Level
864.90 kJ/mol  
40
589.40 kJ/mol  
99+
24th Energy Level
864.90 kJ/mol  
10
589.40 kJ/mol  
99+
25th Energy Level
864.00 kJ/mol  
8
589.40 kJ/mol  
99+
26th Energy Level
864.90 kJ/mol  
8
589.40 kJ/mol  
99+
27th Energy Level
864.90 kJ/mol  
8
589.40 kJ/mol  
99+
28th Energy Level
864.90 kJ/mol  
11
589.40 kJ/mol  
99+
29th Energy Level
864.90 kJ/mol  
12
589.40 kJ/mol  
99+
30th Energy Level
864.00 kJ/mol  
8
589.40 kJ/mol  
99+
Electrochemical Equivalent
2.10 g/amp-hr  
31
7.63 g/amp-hr  
2
Electron Work Function
4.22 eV  
29
3.84 eV  
39
Other Chemical Properties
Chemical Stability, Anti Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility  
Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility  
Atomic
Atomic Number
48  
99+
81  
35
Electron Configuration
[Kr] 4d10 5s2  
[Xe] 4f14 5d10 6s2 6p1  
Crystal Structure
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)  
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)  
Crystal Lattice
HCP-Crystal-Structure-of-Cadmium.jpg#100  
BCC-Crystal-Structure-.jpg#100  
Atom
  
  
Number of Protons
48  
99+
81  
35
Number of Neutrons
64  
99+
123  
21
Number of Electrons
48  
99+
81  
35
Radius of an Atom
  
  
Atomic Radius
151.00 pm  
34
170.00 pm  
24
Covalent Radius
144.00 pm  
99+
145.00 pm  
99+
Van der Waals Radius
158.00 pm  
99+
196.00 pm  
37
Atomic Weight
112.41 amu  
99+
204.38 amu  
31
Atomic Volume
13.10 cm3/mol  
99+
17.20 cm3/mol  
99+
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
  
  
Previous Element
Silver
  
Mercury
  
Next Element
Indium
  
Lead
  
Valence Electron Potential
30.00 (-eV)  
99+
9.60 (-eV)  
99+
Lattice Constant
297.94 pm  
99+
345.66 pm  
99+
Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3  
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3  
Lattice C/A Ratio
1.89  
2
1.60  
23
Mechanical
Density
  
  
Density At Room Temperature
8.65 g/cm3  
99+
11.85 g/cm3  
33
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
8.00 g/cm3  
99+
11.22 g/cm3  
33
Tensile Strength
62.00 MPa  
34
47.00 MPa  
39
Viscosity
0.00  
13
0.00  
22
Vapor Pressure
  
  
Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
0.00 (Pa)  
22
16.90 (Pa)  
5
Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
0.00 (Pa)  
24
0.00 (Pa)  
38
Elasticity properties
  
  
Shear Modulus
19.00 GPa  
99+
2.80 GPa  
99+
Bulk Modulus
42.00 GPa  
34
43.00 GPa  
33
Young's Modulus
50.00 GPa  
39
8.00 GPa  
99+
Poisson Ratio
0.30  
14
0.45  
2
Other Mechanical Properties
Ductile, Malleable  
Ductile, Sectile  
Magnetic
Magnetic Characteristics
  
  
Specific Gravity
8.65  
99+
11.85  
35
Magnetic Ordering
Diamagnetic  
Diamagnetic  
Permeability
0.00 H/m  
10
0.00 H/m  
17
Susceptibility
0.00  
24
0.00  
28
Electrical Properties
  
  
Electrical Property
Semiconductor  
Conductor  
Resistivity
72.70 nΩ·m  
36
0.18 nΩ·m  
99+
Electrical Conductivity
0.14 106/cm Ω  
17
0.06 106/cm Ω  
37
Electron Affinity
0.00 kJ/mol  
99+
19.20 kJ/mol  
38
Thermal
Specific Heat
0.23 J/(kg K)  
26
0.13 J/(kg K)  
40
Molar Heat Capacity
26.02 J/mol·K  
40
26.32 J/mol·K  
37
Thermal Conductivity
96.60 W/m·K  
16
46.10 W/m·K  
33
Critical Temperature
594.00 K  
99+
577.00 K  
99+
Thermal Expansion
30.80 µm/(m·K)  
10
29.90 µm/(m·K)  
12
Enthalpy
  
  
Enthalpy of Vaporization
100.00 kJ/mol  
99+
162.10 kJ/mol  
99+
Enthalpy of Fusion
6.19 kJ/mol  
99+
4.27 kJ/mol  
99+
Enthalpy of Atomization
113.00 kJ/mol  
99+
179.90 kJ/mol  
99+
Standard Molar Entropy
51.80 J/mol.K  
38
64.20 J/mol.K  
20
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