Gallium vs Nickel
Periodic Table
Symbol
Ga
Ni
Group Number
13
5
10
8
Period Number
4
4
Block
p block
d block
Element Family
Post-Transition
Transition Metal
CAS Number
7440553
32
7440020
99+
Space Group Name
Cmca
Fm_ 3m
Space Group Number
64.00
9
225.00
2
Facts
Interesting Facts
- A gram of Gallium metal can be bought for only three dollars.
- Gallium metal found in ores of following things Coal, Bauxite, Diaspore, Sphalerite, Germanite and Zinc.
- Zinc metal found (obtain) in many forms like granules, foil, dust and in a powder form.
- After iron, Zinc metal the second most abundant element in the earth crust.
Sources
Earth's crust, Found in Minerals, Mining, Ores of Minerals
Found in Minerals, Mining, Ores of Minerals
History
Who Discovered
Lecoq de Boisbaudran
Axel Fredrik Cronstedt
Discovery
In 1875
In 1751
Abundance
Abundance In Universe
1 * 10-6 %
16
6 * 10-3 %
4
Abundance In Sun
~0.000004 %
16
~0.008 %
3
Abundance In Meteorites
0.00 %
16
1.30 %
3
Abundance In Earth's Crust
0.00 %
24
0.01 %
15
Abundance In Oceans
0.00 %
22
0.00 %
13
Abundance In Humans
Not Available
0.00 %
14
Uses
Uses & Benefits
- Gallium arsenide is a very important component of many semiconductors and led manufacturing.
- Gallium nitride is also know as a semiconductor and it is used in Blu-ray technology, mobile smartphones and LED.
- It has corrosion resistance and hence it is used to plate other metals.
- Its alloys are very useful; Nichrome alloy is used in the hot coil of toasters and electric oven.
Industrial Uses
Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry
Automobile Industry, Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry
Medical Uses
Surgical Instruments Manufacturing
NA
Other Uses
Alloys
Alloys
Biological Properties
Toxicity
Non Toxic
Toxic
Present in Human Body
Yes
Yes
In Blood
0.08 Blood/mg dm-3
13
0.05 Blood/mg dm-3
17
In Bone
Not Available
0.70 p.p.m.
18
Physical Properties
Melting Point
29.78 °C
99+
1,453.00 °C
31
Boiling Point
2,403.00 °C
99+
2,732.00 °C
38
Appearance
Physical State
Solid
Solid
Color
Silvery White
Silver
Luster
Metallic
Metallic
Hardness
Mohs Hardness
1.50
18
4.00
10
Brinell Hardness
56.80 MPa
99+
667.00 MPa
18
Vickers Hardness
Not Available
638.00 MPa
16
Speed of Sound
2,740.00 m/s
31
4,900.00 m/s
12
Optical Properties
Reflectivity
Not Available
72.00 %
9
Allotropes
No
No
α Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
β Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
γ Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
Chemical Properties
Chemical Formula
Ga
Ni
Isotopes
Known Isotopes
24
15
25
14
Electronegativity
Pauling Electronegativity
1.81
15
1.91
10
Sanderson Electronegativity
2.42
2
1.94
10
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.82
1
1.75
3
Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
2.01
5
Not Available
Allen Electronegativity
1.76
14
1.88
6
Electropositivity
Pauling Electropositivity
2.19
39
2.09
99+
Ionization Energies
1st Energy Level
578.80 kJ/mol
99+
737.10 kJ/mol
25
2nd Energy Level
1,979.30 kJ/mol
13
1,753.00 kJ/mol
25
3rd Energy Level
2,963.00 kJ/mol
28
3,395.00 kJ/mol
17
4th Energy Level
6,180.00 kJ/mol
8
5,300.00 kJ/mol
15
5th Energy Level
Not Available
7,339.00 kJ/mol
15
6th Energy Level
Not Available
10,400.00 kJ/mol
9
7th Energy level
Not Available
12,800.00 kJ/mol
10
8th Energy Level
Not Available
15,600.00 kJ/mol
10
9th Energy Level
Not Available
18,600.00 kJ/mol
10
10th Energy Level
Not Available
21,670.00 kJ/mol
14
11th Energy Level
Not Available
30,970.00 kJ/mol
7
12th Energy Level
Not Available
34,000.00 kJ/mol
7
13th Energy Level
Not Available
37,100.00 kJ/mol
7
14th Energy Level
Not Available
41,500.00 kJ/mol
8
15th Energy Level
Not Available
44,800.00 kJ/mol
10
16th Energy Level
Not Available
48,100.00 kJ/mol
12
17th Energy Level
Not Available
55,101.00 kJ/mol
11
18th Energy Level
Not Available
58,570.00 kJ/mol
12
19th Energy Level
Not Available
148,700.00 kJ/mol
1
20th Energy Level
Not Available
159,000.00 kJ/mol
3
21st Energy Level
Not Available
169,400.00 kJ/mol
3
22nd Energy Level
Not Available
182,700.00 kJ/mol
2
23rd Energy Level
Not Available
194,000.00 kJ/mol
2
Electrochemical Equivalent
0.87 g/amp-hr
99+
1.10 g/amp-hr
99+
Electron Work Function
4.20 eV
23
5.15 eV
2
Other Chemical Properties
Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes
Anti Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes
Atomic Properties
Atomic Number
31
99+
28
99+
Electron Configuration
[Ar] 3d10 4s2 4p1
[Ar] 3d8 4s2 Or [Ar] 3d9 4s1
Crystal Structure
Orthorhombic (ORTH)
Face Centered Cubic (FCC)
Crystal Lattice
ORTH-Crystal-Structure-of-Gallium.jpg#100
FCC-Crystal-Structure-of-Nickel.jpg#100
Atom
Number of Protons
31
99+
28
99+
Number of Neutrons
39
99+
31
99+
Number of Electrons
31
99+
28
99+
Radius of an Atom
Atomic Radius
135.00 pm
99+
124.00 pm
99+
Covalent Radius
122.00 pm
99+
124.00 pm
99+
Van der Waals Radius
187.00 pm
32
163.00 pm
40
Atomic Weight
69.72 amu
99+
58.69 amu
99+
Atomic Volume
11.80 cm3/mol
99+
6.59 cm3/mol
99+
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
Valence Electron Potential
69.70 (-eV)
19
42.00 (-eV)
99+
Lattice Constant
451.97 pm
18
352.40 pm
99+
Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, π/2
π/2, π/2, π/2
Lattice C/A Ratio
Not Available
Not Available
Mechanical Properties
Density
Density At Room Temperature
5.91 g/cm3
99+
8.91 g/cm3
99+
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
6.10 g/cm3
99+
7.81 g/cm3
29
Tensile Strength
Not Available
345.00 MPa
11
Viscosity
Not Available
Not Available
Vapor Pressure
Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
0.00 (Pa)
15
0.00 (Pa)
31
Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
Not Available
19.50 (Pa)
6
Elasticity properties
Shear Modulus
Not Available
76.00 GPa
12
Bulk Modulus
Not Available
180.00 GPa
9
Young's Modulus
9.80 GPa
99+
200.00 GPa
11
Poisson Ratio
0.47
1
0.31
13
Other Mechanical Properties
NA
Ductile
Magnetic Properties
Magnetic Characteristics
Specific Gravity
5.91
99+
8.90
33
Magnetic Ordering
Diamagnetic
Ferromagnetic
Permeability
Not Available
0.00 H/m
2
Susceptibility
Not Available
600.00
2
Electrical Properties
Electrical Property
Semiconductor
Conductor
Resistivity
270.00 nΩ·m
15
69.30 nΩ·m
39
Electrical Conductivity
0.07 106/cm Ω
29
0.14 106/cm Ω
13
Electron Affinity
28.90 kJ/mol
31
112.00 kJ/mol
6
Thermal Properties
Specific Heat
0.37 J/(kg K)
16
0.44 J/(kg K)
13
Molar Heat Capacity
25.86 J/mol·K
35
26.07 J/mol·K
31
Thermal Conductivity
40.60 W/m·K
34
90.90 W/m·K
18
Critical Temperature
Not Available
Not Available
Thermal Expansion
18.00 µm/(m·K)
24
13.40 µm/(m·K)
28
Enthalpy
Enthalpy of Vaporization
256.10 kJ/mol
36
371.80 kJ/mol
20
Enthalpy of Fusion
5.59 kJ/mol
99+
17.57 kJ/mol
14
Enthalpy of Atomization
276.10 kJ/mol
39
422.60 kJ/mol
17
Standard Molar Entropy
40.80 J/mol.K
38
29.90 J/mol.K
99+
|
||
|
||
|
