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Gallium vs Nickel

Gallium
Nickel
Nickel vs Gallium


Periodic Table
Symbol
Ga  
Ni  
Group Number
13  
5
10  
8
Period Number
4  
4  
Block
p block  
d block  
Element Family
Post-​Transition  
Transition Metal  
CAS Number
7440553  
32
7440020  
99+
Space Group Name
Cmca  
Fm_ 3m  
Space Group Number
64.00  
12
225.00  
3
Facts
Interesting Facts
  • A gram of Gallium metal can be bought for only three dollars.
  • Gallium metal found in ores of following things Coal, Bauxite, Diaspore, Sphalerite, Germanite and Zinc.
  
  • Zinc metal found (obtain) in many forms like granules, foil, dust and in a powder form.
  • After iron, Zinc metal the second most abundant element in the earth crust.
  
Sources
Earth's crust, Found in Minerals, Mining, Ores of Minerals  
Found in Minerals, Mining, Ores of Minerals  
History
  
  
Who Discovered
Lecoq de Boisbaudran  
Axel Fredrik Cronstedt  
Discovery
In 1875  
In 1751  
Abundance
  
  
Abundance In Universe
0.00 %  
17
0.01 %  
5
Abundance In Sun
0.00 %  
16
0.01 %  
3
Abundance In Meteorites
0.00 %  
16
1.30 %  
3
Abundance In Earth's Crust
0.00 %  
24
0.01 %  
15
Abundance In Oceans
0.00 %  
22
0.00 %  
13
Abundance In Humans
0.00 %  
24
0.00 %  
17
Uses
Uses & Benefits
  • Gallium arsenide is a very important component of many semiconductors and led manufacturing.
  • Gallium nitride is also know as a semiconductor and it is used in Blu-ray technology, mobile smartphones and LED.
  
  • It has corrosion resistance and hence it is used to plate other metals.
  • Its alloys are very useful; Nichrome alloy is used in the hot coil of toasters and electric oven.
  
Industrial Uses
Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry  
Automobile Industry, Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry  
Medical Uses
Surgical Instruments Manufacturing  
-  
Other Uses
Alloys  
Alloys  
Biological Properties
  
  
Toxicity
Non Toxic  
Toxic  
Present in Human Body
Yes  
Yes  
In Blood
0.08 Blood/mg dm-3  
13
0.05 Blood/mg dm-3  
17
In Bone
0.00 p.p.m.  
99+
0.70 p.p.m.  
20
Physical
Melting Point
29.78 °C  
99+
1,453.00 °C  
31
Boiling Point
2,403.00 °C  
99+
2,732.00 °C  
40
Appearance
  
  
Physical State
Solid  
Solid  
Color
Silvery White  
Silver  
Luster
Metallic  
Metallic  
Hardness
  
  
Mohs Hardness
1.50  
19
4.00  
11
Brinell Hardness
56.80 MPa  
99+
667.00 MPa  
20
Vickers Hardness
111.00 MPa  
99+
638.00 MPa  
24
Speed of Sound
2,740.00 m/s  
99+
4,900.00 m/s  
16
Optical Properties
  
  
Refractive Index
1.81  
20
1.68  
28
Reflectivity
36.00 %  
33
72.00 %  
11
Allotropes
No  
No  
α Allotropes
-  
-  
β Allotropes
-  
-  
γ Allotropes
-  
-  
Chemical
Chemical Formula
Ga  
Ni  
Isotopes
  
  
Known Isotopes
24  
15
25  
14
Electronegativity
  
  
Pauling Electronegativity
1.81  
16
1.91  
11
Sanderson Electronegativity
2.42  
2
1.94  
12
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.82  
2
1.75  
4
Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
2.01  
9
1.91  
12
Allen Electronegativity
1.76  
17
1.88  
9
Electropositivity
  
  
Pauling Electropositivity
2.19  
40
2.09  
99+
Ionization Energies
  
  
1st Energy Level
578.80 kJ/mol  
99+
737.10 kJ/mol  
25
2nd Energy Level
1,979.30 kJ/mol  
13
1,753.00 kJ/mol  
26
3rd Energy Level
2,963.00 kJ/mol  
28
3,395.00 kJ/mol  
17
4th Energy Level
6,180.00 kJ/mol  
16
5,300.00 kJ/mol  
24
5th Energy Level
5,787.00 kJ/mol  
99+
7,339.00 kJ/mol  
23
6th Energy Level
5,787.00 kJ/mol  
99+
10,400.00 kJ/mol  
15
7th Energy level
5,780.00 kJ/mol  
99+
12,800.00 kJ/mol  
10
8th Energy Level
5,780.00 kJ/mol  
99+
15,600.00 kJ/mol  
10
9th Energy Level
5,787.00 kJ/mol  
99+
18,600.00 kJ/mol  
10
10th Energy Level
5,787.00 kJ/mol  
99+
21,670.00 kJ/mol  
14
11th Energy Level
5,780.00 kJ/mol  
99+
30,970.00 kJ/mol  
7
12th Energy Level
57,800.00 kJ/mol  
20
34,000.00 kJ/mol  
29
13th Energy Level
5,780.00 kJ/mol  
99+
37,100.00 kJ/mol  
7
14th Energy Level
578.00 kJ/mol  
99+
41,500.00 kJ/mol  
8
15th Energy Level
57,800.00 kJ/mol  
99+
44,800.00 kJ/mol  
99+
16th Energy Level
57,800.00 kJ/mol  
99+
48,100.00 kJ/mol  
99+
17th Energy Level
578.80 kJ/mol  
99+
55,101.00 kJ/mol  
11
18th Energy Level
5,787.00 kJ/mol  
99+
58,570.00 kJ/mol  
12
19th Energy Level
578.80 kJ/mol  
99+
148,700.00 kJ/mol  
1
20th Energy Level
578.00 kJ/mol  
99+
159,000.00 kJ/mol  
3
21st Energy Level
578.80 kJ/mol  
99+
169,400.00 kJ/mol  
3
22nd Energy Level
578.00 kJ/mol  
99+
182,700.00 kJ/mol  
2
23rd Energy Level
578.80 kJ/mol  
99+
194,000.00 kJ/mol  
2
24th Energy Level
578.80 kJ/mol  
99+
737.10 kJ/mol  
21
25th Energy Level
578.00 kJ/mol  
99+
737.10 kJ/mol  
21
26th Energy Level
578.80 kJ/mol  
99+
737.10 kJ/mol  
21
27th Energy Level
578.80 kJ/mol  
99+
737.10 kJ/mol  
20
28th Energy Level
578.80 kJ/mol  
99+
737.10 kJ/mol  
26
29th Energy Level
578.80 kJ/mol  
99+
737.10 kJ/mol  
27
30th Energy Level
578.80 kJ/mol  
99+
737.00 kJ/mol  
21
Electrochemical Equivalent
0.87 g/amp-hr  
99+
1.10 g/amp-hr  
99+
Electron Work Function
4.20 eV  
30
5.15 eV  
6
Other Chemical Properties
Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes  
Anti Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes  
Atomic
Atomic Number
31  
99+
28  
99+
Electron Configuration
[Ar] 3d10 4s2 4p1  
[Ar] 3d8 4s2 Or [Ar] 3d9 4s1  
Crystal Structure
Orthorhombic (ORTH)  
Face Centered Cubic (FCC)  
Crystal Lattice
ORTH-Crystal-Structure-of-Gallium.jpg#100  
FCC-Crystal-Structure-of-Nickel.jpg#100  
Atom
  
  
Number of Protons
31  
99+
28  
99+
Number of Neutrons
39  
99+
31  
99+
Number of Electrons
31  
99+
28  
99+
Radius of an Atom
  
  
Atomic Radius
135.00 pm  
99+
124.00 pm  
99+
Covalent Radius
122.00 pm  
99+
124.00 pm  
99+
Van der Waals Radius
187.00 pm  
39
163.00 pm  
99+
Atomic Weight
69.72 amu  
99+
58.69 amu  
99+
Atomic Volume
11.80 cm3/mol  
99+
6.59 cm3/mol  
99+
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
  
  
Previous Element
Zinc
  
Cobalt
  
Next Element
Rubidium
  
Copper
  
Valence Electron Potential
69.70 (-eV)  
19
42.00 (-eV)  
99+
Lattice Constant
451.97 pm  
20
352.40 pm  
99+
Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, π/2  
π/2, π/2, π/2  
Lattice C/A Ratio
1.30  
99+
1.86  
4
Mechanical
Density
  
  
Density At Room Temperature
5.91 g/cm3  
99+
8.91 g/cm3  
99+
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
6.10 g/cm3  
99+
7.81 g/cm3  
99+
Tensile Strength
41.00 MPa  
99+
345.00 MPa  
13
Viscosity
0.00  
23
0.00  
8
Vapor Pressure
  
  
Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
0.00 (Pa)  
15
0.00 (Pa)  
33
Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
0.00 (Pa)  
30
19.50 (Pa)  
6
Elasticity properties
  
  
Shear Modulus
7.20 GPa  
99+
76.00 GPa  
12
Bulk Modulus
37.30 GPa  
99+
180.00 GPa  
9
Young's Modulus
9.80 GPa  
99+
200.00 GPa  
12
Poisson Ratio
0.47  
1
0.31  
13
Other Mechanical Properties
-  
Ductile  
Magnetic
Magnetic Characteristics
  
  
Specific Gravity
5.91  
99+
8.90  
99+
Magnetic Ordering
Diamagnetic  
Ferromagnetic  
Permeability
0.00 H/m  
11
0.00 H/m  
2
Susceptibility
0.00  
7
600.00  
2
Electrical Properties
  
  
Electrical Property
Semiconductor  
Conductor  
Resistivity
270.00 nΩ·m  
15
69.30 nΩ·m  
39
Electrical Conductivity
0.07 106/cm Ω  
34
0.14 106/cm Ω  
14
Electron Affinity
28.90 kJ/mol  
37
112.00 kJ/mol  
7
Thermal
Specific Heat
0.37 J/(kg K)  
16
0.44 J/(kg K)  
13
Molar Heat Capacity
25.86 J/mol·K  
99+
26.07 J/mol·K  
39
Thermal Conductivity
40.60 W/m·K  
34
90.90 W/m·K  
18
Critical Temperature
302.00 K  
99+
1,728.00 K  
35
Thermal Expansion
18.00 µm/(m·K)  
26
13.40 µm/(m·K)  
34
Enthalpy
  
  
Enthalpy of Vaporization
256.10 kJ/mol  
99+
371.80 kJ/mol  
29
Enthalpy of Fusion
5.59 kJ/mol  
99+
17.57 kJ/mol  
14
Enthalpy of Atomization
276.10 kJ/mol  
99+
422.60 kJ/mol  
22
Standard Molar Entropy
40.80 J/mol.K  
99+
29.90 J/mol.K  
99+
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