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Gallium vs Nobelium

Gallium
Nobelium
Nobelium vs Gallium


Periodic Table
Symbol
Ga  
No  
Group Number
13  
5
3  
15
Period Number
4  
7  
Block
p block  
f block  
Element Family
Post-​Transition  
Actinide  
CAS Number
7440553  
32
10028145  
16
Space Group Name
Cmca  
-  
Space Group Number
64.00  
12
194.00  
7
Facts
Interesting Facts
  • A gram of Gallium metal can be bought for only three dollars.
  • Gallium metal found in ores of following things Coal, Bauxite, Diaspore, Sphalerite, Germanite and Zinc.
  
  • The most stable isotope of Nobelium metal is No-259.
  • No-259 has a half-life of fifty-eight minutes.
  
Sources
Earth's crust, Found in Minerals, Mining, Ores of Minerals  
Bombarding Curium-246 or Curium-249 with Carbon-12 Nuclei, Found in Minerals, Mining  
History
  
  
Who Discovered
Lecoq de Boisbaudran  
Joint Institute for Nuclear Research  
Discovery
In 1875  
In 1966  
Abundance
  
  
Abundance In Universe
0.00 %  
17
-  
Abundance In Sun
0.00 %  
16
-  
Abundance In Meteorites
0.00 %  
16
-  
Abundance In Earth's Crust
0.00 %  
24
-  
Abundance In Oceans
0.00 %  
22
-  
Abundance In Humans
0.00 %  
24
-  
Uses
Uses & Benefits
  • Gallium arsenide is a very important component of many semiconductors and led manufacturing.
  • Gallium nitride is also know as a semiconductor and it is used in Blu-ray technology, mobile smartphones and LED.
  
  • Currently known uses of Nobelium metal are limited to research purpose only.
  
Industrial Uses
Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry  
-  
Medical Uses
Surgical Instruments Manufacturing  
-  
Other Uses
Alloys  
Research Purposes  
Biological Properties
  
  
Toxicity
Non Toxic  
-  
Present in Human Body
Yes  
No  
In Blood
0.08 Blood/mg dm-3  
13
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3  
40
In Bone
0.00 p.p.m.  
99+
0.00 p.p.m.  
99+
Physical
Melting Point
29.78 °C  
99+
827.00 °C  
99+
Boiling Point
2,403.00 °C  
99+
2,600.00 °C  
99+
Appearance
  
  
Physical State
Solid  
Solid  
Color
Silvery White  
-  
Luster
Metallic  
Unknown Luster  
Hardness
  
  
Mohs Hardness
1.50  
19
-  
Brinell Hardness
56.80 MPa  
99+
500.00 MPa  
28
Vickers Hardness
111.00 MPa  
99+
500.00 MPa  
35
Speed of Sound
2,740.00 m/s  
99+
1,100.00 m/s  
99+
Optical Properties
  
  
Refractive Index
1.81  
20
1.30  
99+
Reflectivity
36.00 %  
33
61.00 %  
22
Allotropes
No  
No  
α Allotropes
-  
-  
β Allotropes
-  
-  
γ Allotropes
-  
-  
Chemical
Chemical Formula
Ga  
No  
Isotopes
  
  
Known Isotopes
24  
15
13  
26
Electronegativity
  
  
Pauling Electronegativity
1.81  
16
1.30  
33
Sanderson Electronegativity
2.42  
2
1.30  
25
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.82  
2
1.20  
28
Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
2.01  
9
1.30  
33
Allen Electronegativity
1.76  
17
1.10  
99+
Electropositivity
  
  
Pauling Electropositivity
2.19  
40
2.70  
22
Ionization Energies
  
  
1st Energy Level
578.80 kJ/mol  
99+
642.00 kJ/mol  
99+
2nd Energy Level
1,979.30 kJ/mol  
13
1,254.00 kJ/mol  
99+
3rd Energy Level
2,963.00 kJ/mol  
28
2,643.00 kJ/mol  
99+
4th Energy Level
6,180.00 kJ/mol  
16
3,956.00 kJ/mol  
99+
5th Energy Level
5,787.00 kJ/mol  
99+
6,400.00 kJ/mol  
35
6th Energy Level
5,787.00 kJ/mol  
99+
6,400.00 kJ/mol  
99+
7th Energy level
5,780.00 kJ/mol  
99+
6,270.00 kJ/mol  
99+
8th Energy Level
5,780.00 kJ/mol  
99+
6,270.00 kJ/mol  
99+
9th Energy Level
5,787.00 kJ/mol  
99+
6,270.00 kJ/mol  
99+
10th Energy Level
5,787.00 kJ/mol  
99+
6,270.00 kJ/mol  
99+
11th Energy Level
5,780.00 kJ/mol  
99+
6,420.00 kJ/mol  
99+
12th Energy Level
57,800.00 kJ/mol  
20
64,000.00 kJ/mol  
8
13th Energy Level
5,780.00 kJ/mol  
99+
6,400.00 kJ/mol  
36
14th Energy Level
578.00 kJ/mol  
99+
6,400.00 kJ/mol  
26
15th Energy Level
57,800.00 kJ/mol  
99+
64,000.00 kJ/mol  
36
16th Energy Level
57,800.00 kJ/mol  
99+
64,000.00 kJ/mol  
27
17th Energy Level
578.80 kJ/mol  
99+
641.00 kJ/mol  
99+
18th Energy Level
5,787.00 kJ/mol  
99+
3,500.00 kJ/mol  
99+
19th Energy Level
578.80 kJ/mol  
99+
627.60 kJ/mol  
99+
20th Energy Level
578.00 kJ/mol  
99+
627.00 kJ/mol  
99+
21st Energy Level
578.80 kJ/mol  
99+
917.00 kJ/mol  
34
22nd Energy Level
578.00 kJ/mol  
99+
627.00 kJ/mol  
36
23rd Energy Level
578.80 kJ/mol  
99+
6,410.00 kJ/mol  
12
24th Energy Level
578.80 kJ/mol  
99+
627.00 kJ/mol  
39
25th Energy Level
578.00 kJ/mol  
99+
0.00 kJ/mol  
99+
26th Energy Level
578.80 kJ/mol  
99+
601.20 kJ/mol  
99+
27th Energy Level
578.80 kJ/mol  
99+
641.00 kJ/mol  
37
28th Energy Level
578.80 kJ/mol  
99+
641.60 kJ/mol  
99+
29th Energy Level
578.80 kJ/mol  
99+
641.00 kJ/mol  
99+
30th Energy Level
578.80 kJ/mol  
99+
627.00 kJ/mol  
99+
Electrochemical Equivalent
0.87 g/amp-hr  
99+
4.83 g/amp-hr  
4
Electron Work Function
4.20 eV  
30
4.90 eV  
12
Other Chemical Properties
Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes  
Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Radioactivity  
Atomic
Atomic Number
31  
99+
102  
16
Electron Configuration
[Ar] 3d10 4s2 4p1  
[Rn] 5f14 7s2  
Crystal Structure
Orthorhombic (ORTH)  
Not Known  
Crystal Lattice
ORTH-Crystal-Structure-of-Gallium.jpg#100  
Unknown-Crystal-Structure-of-Nobelium.jpg#100  
Atom
  
  
Number of Protons
31  
99+
102  
16
Number of Neutrons
39  
99+
157  
8
Number of Electrons
31  
99+
102  
16
Radius of an Atom
  
  
Atomic Radius
135.00 pm  
99+
176.00 pm  
20
Covalent Radius
122.00 pm  
99+
157.00 pm  
33
Van der Waals Radius
187.00 pm  
39
246.00 pm  
12
Atomic Weight
69.72 amu  
99+
259.00 amu  
13
Atomic Volume
11.80 cm3/mol  
99+
19.80 cm3/mol  
33
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
  
  
Previous Element
Zinc
  
Mendelevium
  
Next Element
Rubidium
  
Lawrencium
  
Valence Electron Potential
69.70 (-eV)  
19
26.00 (-eV)  
99+
Lattice Constant
451.97 pm  
20
-  
Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, π/2  
-  
Lattice C/A Ratio
1.30  
99+
1.76  
5
Mechanical
Density
  
  
Density At Room Temperature
5.91 g/cm3  
99+
9.90 g/cm3  
99+
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
6.10 g/cm3  
99+
9.90 g/cm3  
99+
Tensile Strength
41.00 MPa  
99+
80.00 MPa  
29
Viscosity
0.00  
23
0.00  
25
Vapor Pressure
  
  
Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
0.00 (Pa)  
15
0.00 (Pa)  
37
Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
0.00 (Pa)  
30
0.00 (Pa)  
28
Elasticity properties
  
  
Shear Modulus
7.20 GPa  
99+
27.00 GPa  
34
Bulk Modulus
37.30 GPa  
99+
8.70 GPa  
99+
Young's Modulus
9.80 GPa  
99+
12.30 GPa  
99+
Poisson Ratio
0.47  
1
0.30  
14
Other Mechanical Properties
-  
-  
Magnetic
Magnetic Characteristics
  
  
Specific Gravity
5.91  
99+
9.90  
99+
Magnetic Ordering
Diamagnetic  
-  
Permeability
0.00 H/m  
11
0.00 H/m  
3
Susceptibility
0.00  
7
0.00  
24
Electrical Properties
  
  
Electrical Property
Semiconductor  
-  
Resistivity
270.00 nΩ·m  
15
0.68 nΩ·m  
99+
Electrical Conductivity
0.07 106/cm Ω  
34
0.00 106/cm Ω  
99+
Electron Affinity
28.90 kJ/mol  
37
50.00 kJ/mol  
26
Thermal
Specific Heat
0.37 J/(kg K)  
16
0.10 J/(kg K)  
99+
Molar Heat Capacity
25.86 J/mol·K  
99+
27.00 J/mol·K  
29
Thermal Conductivity
40.60 W/m·K  
34
0.10 W/m·K  
99+
Critical Temperature
302.00 K  
99+
1,100.00 K  
99+
Thermal Expansion
18.00 µm/(m·K)  
26
11.00 µm/(m·K)  
99+
Enthalpy
  
  
Enthalpy of Vaporization
256.10 kJ/mol  
99+
-  
Enthalpy of Fusion
5.59 kJ/mol  
99+
-  
Enthalpy of Atomization
276.10 kJ/mol  
99+
390.40 kJ/mol  
30
Standard Molar Entropy
40.80 J/mol.K  
99+
63.00 J/mol.K  
24
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