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Hafnium Potassium Comparison

Hafnium
Potassium
Potassium Hafnium comparison


Periodic Table
Symbol
Hf  
K  
Group Number
4  
14
1  
17
Period Number
6  
4  
Block
d block  
s block  
Element Family
Transition Metal  
Alkali  
CAS Number
7440586  
30
7440097  
99+
Space Group Name
P63/mmc  
Im_ 3m  
Space Group Number
194.00  
7
229.00  
2
Facts
Interesting Facts
  • Hafnium metal is highly reactive, hence not found free in nature.
  • Hafnium metal as predicated after Mendeleev finished his periodic table.
  
  • In the list of most abundant element Potassium is ranked 7th.
  • Potassium can easily be sliced (chopped) down using knife.
  
Sources
By-product Zirconium Refining  
Found in Minerals, Mining  
History
  
  
Who Discovered
Dirk Coster and George de Hevesy  
Humphry Davy  
Discovery
In 1922  
In 1807  
Abundance
  
  
Abundance In Universe
0.00 %  
26
0.00 %  
10
Abundance In Sun
0.00 %  
26
0.00 %  
9
Abundance In Meteorites
0.00 %  
37
0.07 %  
9
Abundance In Earth's Crust
0.00 %  
31
1.50 %  
6
Abundance In Oceans
0.00 %  
27
0.04 %  
3
Abundance In Humans
0.00 %  
14
0.20 %  
3
Uses
Uses & Benefits
  • It has an ability to absorb neutrons and hence it is used to make control rods in nuclear submarines. And this metal is also used in Plasma welding torches.
  • It alloys with iron, titanium and niobium are very useful.
  
  • Potassium’s compounds are in high demand for their application in Fertilizer manufacturing.
  • Potassium carbonate is used in glass manufacturing and Potassium carbonate in manufacturing detergent and body wash.
  
Industrial Uses
Ammunition Industry  
Ammunition Industry, Chemical Industry  
Medical Uses
-  
Pharmaceutical Industry  
Other Uses
Alloys, In Nuclear Reactors, Nuclear Research, Research Purposes  
-  
Biological Properties
  
  
Toxicity
Toxic  
Toxic  
Present in Human Body
No  
Yes  
In Blood
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3  
40
1,620.00 Blood/mg dm-3  
2
In Bone
0.00 p.p.m.  
99+
2,100.00 p.p.m.  
3
Physical
Melting Point
2,150.00 °C  
10
63.65 °C  
99+
Boiling Point
5,400.00 °C  
5
774.00 °C  
99+
Appearance
  
  
Physical State
Solid  
Solid  
Color
Gray  
Silvery Gray  
Luster
Metallic  
-  
Hardness
  
  
Mohs Hardness
5.50  
7
0.40  
25
Brinell Hardness
1,450.00 MPa  
6
0.36 MPa  
99+
Vickers Hardness
1,520.00 MPa  
10
100.00 MPa  
99+
Speed of Sound
3,010.00 m/s  
39
2,000.00 m/s  
99+
Optical Properties
  
  
Refractive Index
2.00  
15
1.33  
99+
Reflectivity
71.00 %  
12
72.00 %  
11
Allotropes
No  
No  
α Allotropes
-  
-  
β Allotropes
-  
-  
γ Allotropes
-  
-  
Chemical
Chemical Formula
Hf  
K  
Isotopes
  
  
Known Isotopes
32  
7
20  
19
Electronegativity
  
  
Pauling Electronegativity
1.30  
33
0.82  
99+
Sanderson Electronegativity
1.30  
25
0.45  
99+
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.23  
26
0.91  
40
Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
1.30  
33
0.73  
99+
Allen Electronegativity
1.16  
99+
0.73  
99+
Electropositivity
  
  
Pauling Electropositivity
2.70  
22
3.18  
3
Ionization Energies
  
  
1st Energy Level
658.50 kJ/mol  
40
418.80 kJ/mol  
99+
2nd Energy Level
1,440.00 kJ/mol  
99+
3,052.00 kJ/mol  
5
3rd Energy Level
2,250.00 kJ/mol  
99+
4,420.00 kJ/mol  
8
4th Energy Level
3,216.00 kJ/mol  
99+
5,877.00 kJ/mol  
18
5th Energy Level
6,585.00 kJ/mol  
33
7,975.00 kJ/mol  
14
6th Energy Level
6,585.00 kJ/mol  
99+
9,590.00 kJ/mol  
19
7th Energy level
6,580.00 kJ/mol  
99+
11,343.00 kJ/mol  
17
8th Energy Level
6,580.00 kJ/mol  
99+
14,944.00 kJ/mol  
13
9th Energy Level
6,585.00 kJ/mol  
38
16,963.70 kJ/mol  
15
10th Energy Level
6,590.00 kJ/mol  
40
48,610.00 kJ/mol  
3
11th Energy Level
6,585.00 kJ/mol  
40
54,490.00 kJ/mol  
4
12th Energy Level
6,580.00 kJ/mol  
99+
60,730.00 kJ/mol  
15
13th Energy Level
6,580.00 kJ/mol  
35
68,950.00 kJ/mol  
4
14th Energy Level
658.50 kJ/mol  
99+
75,900.00 kJ/mol  
5
15th Energy Level
65,800.00 kJ/mol  
34
83,080.00 kJ/mol  
13
16th Energy Level
658.50 kJ/mol  
99+
93,400.00 kJ/mol  
7
17th Energy Level
658.50 kJ/mol  
99+
99,710.00 kJ/mol  
8
18th Energy Level
6,585.00 kJ/mol  
36
4,196.00 kJ/mol  
99+
19th Energy Level
658.50 kJ/mol  
99+
419.20 kJ/mol  
99+
20th Energy Level
658.00 kJ/mol  
37
419.00 kJ/mol  
99+
21st Energy Level
658.50 kJ/mol  
99+
419.20 kJ/mol  
99+
22nd Energy Level
658.00 kJ/mol  
31
419.00 kJ/mol  
99+
23rd Energy Level
658.50 kJ/mol  
99+
419.20 kJ/mol  
99+
24th Energy Level
658.50 kJ/mol  
31
419.20 kJ/mol  
99+
25th Energy Level
658.00 kJ/mol  
33
419.20 kJ/mol  
99+
26th Energy Level
658.50 kJ/mol  
32
419.20 kJ/mol  
99+
27th Energy Level
658.50 kJ/mol  
33
419.20 kJ/mol  
99+
28th Energy Level
658.50 kJ/mol  
38
419.20 kJ/mol  
99+
29th Energy Level
658.50 kJ/mol  
39
419.20 kJ/mol  
99+
30th Energy Level
658.00 kJ/mol  
35
419.00 kJ/mol  
99+
Electrochemical Equivalent
1.66 g/amp-hr  
99+
1.46 g/amp-hr  
99+
Electron Work Function
3.90 eV  
36
2.30 eV  
99+
Other Chemical Properties
Anti Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility  
Chemical Stability, Flammability, Ionization, Solubility  
Atomic
Atomic Number
72  
99+
19  
99+
Electron Configuration
[Xe] 4f14 5d2 6s2  
[Ar] 4s1  
Crystal Structure
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)  
Body Centered Cubic (BCC)  
Crystal Lattice
BCC-Crystal-Structure-.jpg#100  
BCC-Crystal-Structure-.jpg#100  
Atom
  
  
Number of Protons
72  
99+
19  
99+
Number of Neutrons
106  
30
20  
99+
Number of Electrons
72  
99+
19  
99+
Radius of an Atom
  
  
Atomic Radius
159.00 pm  
30
227.00 pm  
4
Covalent Radius
175.00 pm  
25
203.00 pm  
9
Van der Waals Radius
200.00 pm  
35
275.00 pm  
7
Atomic Weight
178.49 amu  
39
39.10 amu  
99+
Atomic Volume
13.60 cm3/mol  
99+
45.46 cm3/mol  
4
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
  
  
Previous Element
Lutetium
  
Aluminium
  
Next Element
Tantalum
  
Calcium
  
Valence Electron Potential
81.00 (-eV)  
16
10.40 (-eV)  
99+
Lattice Constant
319.64 pm  
99+
532.80 pm  
13
Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3  
π/2, π/2, π/2  
Lattice C/A Ratio
1.58  
34
1.69  
10
Mechanical
Density
  
  
Density At Room Temperature
13.31 g/cm3  
27
0.86 g/cm3  
99+
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
12.00 g/cm3  
31
0.83 g/cm3  
99+
Tensile Strength
445.00 MPa  
9
16.00 MPa  
99+
Viscosity
0.00  
28
0.00  
9
Vapor Pressure
  
  
Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
0.00 (Pa)  
37
0.00 (Pa)  
16
Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
0.00 (Pa)  
25
0.00 (Pa)  
34
Elasticity properties
  
  
Shear Modulus
30.00 GPa  
27
1.30 GPa  
99+
Bulk Modulus
110.00 GPa  
15
3.10 GPa  
99+
Young's Modulus
78.00 GPa  
27
3.53 GPa  
99+
Poisson Ratio
0.37  
7
0.35  
9
Other Mechanical Properties
Ductile, Malleable  
-  
Magnetic
Magnetic Characteristics
  
  
Specific Gravity
13.31  
30
0.86  
99+
Magnetic Ordering
Paramagnetic  
Paramagnetic  
Permeability
0.00 H/m  
9
0.00 H/m  
13
Susceptibility
0.00  
13
0.00  
23
Electrical Properties
  
  
Electrical Property
Conductor  
Conductor  
Resistivity
331.00 nΩ·m  
14
72.00 nΩ·m  
37
Electrical Conductivity
0.03 106/cm Ω  
99+
0.14 106/cm Ω  
16
Electron Affinity
0.00 kJ/mol  
99+
48.40 kJ/mol  
27
Thermal
Specific Heat
0.14 J/(kg K)  
38
0.75 J/(kg K)  
6
Molar Heat Capacity
25.73 J/mol·K  
99+
29.60 J/mol·K  
8
Thermal Conductivity
23.00 W/m·K  
99+
102.50 W/m·K  
15
Critical Temperature
2,500.00 K  
11
2,223.00 K  
14
Thermal Expansion
5.90 µm/(m·K)  
99+
83.30 µm/(m·K)  
3
Enthalpy
  
  
Enthalpy of Vaporization
661.10 kJ/mol  
6
77.50 kJ/mol  
99+
Enthalpy of Fusion
25.10 kJ/mol  
8
2.32 kJ/mol  
99+
Enthalpy of Atomization
703.00 kJ/mol  
5
89.50 kJ/mol  
99+
Standard Molar Entropy
43.60 J/mol.K  
99+
64.70 J/mol.K  
19
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