Potassium Hafnium Comparison
Periodic Table
Symbol
K
Hf
Group Number
1
17
4
14
Period Number
4
6
Block
s block
d block
Element Family
Alkali
Transition Metal
CAS Number
7440097
99+
7440586
30
Space Group Name
Im_ 3m
P63/mmc
Space Group Number
229.00
1
194.00
5
Facts
Interesting Facts
- In the list of most abundant element Potassium is ranked 7th.
- Potassium can easily be sliced (chopped) down using knife.
- Hafnium metal is highly reactive, hence not found free in nature.
- Hafnium metal as predicated after Mendeleev finished his periodic table.
Sources
Found in Minerals, Mining
By-product Zirconium Refining
History
Who Discovered
Humphry Davy
Dirk Coster and George de Hevesy
Discovery
In 1807
In 1922
Abundance
Abundance In Universe
3 * 10-4 %
9
7 * 10-8 %
25
Abundance In Sun
~0.0004 %
9
~0.0000001 %
26
Abundance In Meteorites
0.07 %
9
0.00 %
37
Abundance In Earth's Crust
1.50 %
6
0.00 %
31
Abundance In Oceans
0.04 %
3
0.00 %
27
Abundance In Humans
0.20 %
2
Not Available
Uses
Uses & Benefits
- Potassium’s compounds are in high demand for their application in Fertilizer manufacturing.
- Potassium carbonate is used in glass manufacturing and Potassium carbonate in manufacturing detergent and body wash.
- It has an ability to absorb neutrons and hence it is used to make control rods in nuclear submarines. And this metal is also used in Plasma welding torches.
- It alloys with iron, titanium and niobium are very useful.
Industrial Uses
Ammunition Industry, Chemical Industry
Ammunition Industry
Medical Uses
Pharmaceutical Industry
NA
Other Uses
NA
Alloys, In Nuclear Reactors, Nuclear Research, Research Purposes
Biological Properties
Toxicity
Toxic
Toxic
Present in Human Body
Yes
No
In Blood
1,620.00 Blood/mg dm-3
2
Not Available
In Bone
2,100.00 p.p.m.
3
Not Available
Physical Properties
Melting Point
63.65 °C
99+
2,150.00 °C
10
Boiling Point
774.00 °C
99+
5,400.00 °C
5
Appearance
Physical State
Solid
Solid
Color
Silvery Gray
Gray
Luster
NA
Metallic
Hardness
Mohs Hardness
0.40
23
5.50
7
Brinell Hardness
0.36 MPa
99+
1,450.00 MPa
6
Vickers Hardness
Not Available
1,520.00 MPa
5
Speed of Sound
2,000.00 m/s
99+
3,010.00 m/s
27
Optical Properties
Allotropes
No
No
α Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
β Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
γ Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
Chemical Properties
Chemical Formula
K
Hf
Isotopes
Known Isotopes
20
19
32
7
Electronegativity
Pauling Electronegativity
0.82
99+
1.30
32
Sanderson Electronegativity
0.45
31
Not Available
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
0.91
39
1.23
25
Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
0.73
23
Not Available
Allen Electronegativity
0.73
99+
1.16
37
Electropositivity
Pauling Electropositivity
3.18
3
2.70
22
Ionization Energies
1st Energy Level
418.80 kJ/mol
99+
658.50 kJ/mol
40
2nd Energy Level
3,052.00 kJ/mol
5
1,440.00 kJ/mol
99+
3rd Energy Level
4,420.00 kJ/mol
8
2,250.00 kJ/mol
99+
4th Energy Level
5,877.00 kJ/mol
9
3,216.00 kJ/mol
99+
5th Energy Level
7,975.00 kJ/mol
8
Not Available
6th Energy Level
9,590.00 kJ/mol
13
Not Available
7th Energy level
11,343.00 kJ/mol
17
Not Available
8th Energy Level
14,944.00 kJ/mol
13
Not Available
9th Energy Level
16,963.70 kJ/mol
15
Not Available
10th Energy Level
48,610.00 kJ/mol
3
Not Available
11th Energy Level
54,490.00 kJ/mol
4
Not Available
12th Energy Level
60,730.00 kJ/mol
4
Not Available
13th Energy Level
68,950.00 kJ/mol
4
Not Available
14th Energy Level
75,900.00 kJ/mol
5
Not Available
15th Energy Level
83,080.00 kJ/mol
6
Not Available
16th Energy Level
93,400.00 kJ/mol
7
Not Available
17th Energy Level
99,710.00 kJ/mol
8
Not Available
Electrochemical Equivalent
1.46 g/amp-hr
99+
1.66 g/amp-hr
99+
Electron Work Function
2.30 eV
99+
3.90 eV
27
Other Chemical Properties
Chemical Stability, Flammability, Ionization, Solubility
Anti Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility
Atomic Properties
Atomic Number
19
99+
72
99+
Electron Configuration
[Ar] 4s1
[Xe] 4f14 5d2 6s2
Crystal Structure
Body Centered Cubic (BCC)
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)
Crystal Lattice
BCC-Crystal-Structure-.jpg#100
BCC-Crystal-Structure-.jpg#100
Atom
Number of Protons
19
99+
72
99+
Number of Neutrons
20
99+
106
29
Number of Electrons
19
99+
72
99+
Radius of an Atom
Atomic Radius
227.00 pm
3
159.00 pm
28
Covalent Radius
203.00 pm
9
175.00 pm
23
Van der Waals Radius
275.00 pm
5
200.00 pm
28
Atomic Weight
39.10 amu
99+
178.49 amu
39
Atomic Volume
45.46 cm3/mol
3
13.60 cm3/mol
38
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
Valence Electron Potential
10.40 (-eV)
99+
81.00 (-eV)
16
Lattice Constant
532.80 pm
12
319.64 pm
99+
Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, π/2
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3
Lattice C/A Ratio
Not Available
1.58
12
Mechanical Properties
Density
Density At Room Temperature
0.86 g/cm3
99+
13.31 g/cm3
26
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
0.83 g/cm3
99+
12.00 g/cm3
12
Tensile Strength
Not Available
445.00 MPa
8
Viscosity
Not Available
Not Available
Vapor Pressure
Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
Not Available
0.00 (Pa)
24
Elasticity properties
Shear Modulus
1.30 GPa
99+
30.00 GPa
23
Bulk Modulus
3.10 GPa
99+
110.00 GPa
15
Young's Modulus
3.53 GPa
99+
78.00 GPa
25
Poisson Ratio
Not Available
0.37
7
Other Mechanical Properties
NA
Ductile, Malleable
Magnetic Properties
Magnetic Characteristics
Specific Gravity
0.86
99+
13.31
18
Magnetic Ordering
Paramagnetic
Paramagnetic
Electrical Properties
Electrical Property
Conductor
Conductor
Resistivity
72.00 nΩ·m
37
331.00 nΩ·m
14
Electrical Conductivity
0.14 106/cm Ω
14
0.03 106/cm Ω
39
Electron Affinity
48.40 kJ/mol
22
0.00 kJ/mol
40
Thermal Properties
Specific Heat
0.75 J/(kg K)
6
0.14 J/(kg K)
37
Molar Heat Capacity
29.60 J/mol·K
6
25.73 J/mol·K
36
Thermal Conductivity
102.50 W/m·K
15
23.00 W/m·K
99+
Critical Temperature
2,223.00 K
3
Not Available
Thermal Expansion
83.30 µm/(m·K)
3
5.90 µm/(m·K)
99+
Enthalpy
Enthalpy of Vaporization
77.50 kJ/mol
99+
661.10 kJ/mol
5
Enthalpy of Fusion
2.32 kJ/mol
99+
25.10 kJ/mol
8
Enthalpy of Atomization
89.50 kJ/mol
99+
703.00 kJ/mol
5
Standard Molar Entropy
64.70 J/mol.K
18
43.60 J/mol.K
34
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