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Potassium vs Hafnium

Potassium
Hafnium
Hafnium vs Potassium


Periodic Table
Symbol
K   
Hf   
Group Number
1   
17
4   
14
Period Number
4   
6   
Block
s block   
d block   
Element Family
Alkali   
Transition Metal   
CAS Number
7440097   
99+
7440586   
30
Space Group Name
Im_ 3m   
P63/mmc   
Space Group Number
229.00   
1
194.00   
5
Facts
Interesting Facts
  • In the list of most abundant element Potassium is ranked 7th.
  • Potassium can easily be sliced (chopped) down using knife.
  
  • Hafnium metal is highly reactive, hence not found free in nature.
  • Hafnium metal as predicated after Mendeleev finished his periodic table.
  
Sources
Found in Minerals, Mining   
By-product Zirconium Refining   
History
  
  
Who Discovered
Humphry Davy   
Dirk Coster and George de Hevesy   
Discovery
In 1807   
In 1922   
Abundance
  
  
Abundance In Universe
3 * 10-4 %   
9
7 * 10-8 %   
25
Abundance In Sun
~0.0004 %   
9
~0.0000001 %   
26
Abundance In Meteorites
0.07 %   
9
0.00 %   
37
Abundance In Earth's Crust
1.50 %   
6
0.00 %   
31
Abundance In Oceans
0.04 %   
3
0.00 %   
27
Abundance In Humans
0.20 %   
2
Not Available   
Uses
Uses & Benefits
  • Potassium’s compounds are in high demand for their application in Fertilizer manufacturing.
  • Potassium carbonate is used in glass manufacturing and Potassium carbonate in manufacturing detergent and body wash.
  
  • It has an ability to absorb neutrons and hence it is used to make control rods in nuclear submarines. And this metal is also used in Plasma welding torches.
  • It alloys with iron, titanium and niobium are very useful.
  
Industrial Uses
Ammunition Industry, Chemical Industry   
Ammunition Industry   
Medical Uses
Pharmaceutical Industry   
NA   
Other Uses
NA   
Alloys, In Nuclear Reactors, Nuclear Research, Research Purposes   
Biological Properties
  
  
Toxicity
Toxic   
Toxic   
Present in Human Body
Yes   
No   
In Blood
1,620.00 Blood/mg dm-3   
2
Not Available   
In Bone
2,100.00 p.p.m.   
3
Not Available   
Physical Properties
Melting Point
63.65 °C   
99+
2,150.00 °C   
10
Boiling Point
774.00 °C   
99+
5,400.00 °C   
5
Appearance
  
  
Physical State
Solid   
Solid   
Color
Silvery Gray   
Gray   
Luster
NA   
Metallic   
Hardness
  
  
Mohs Hardness
0.40   
23
5.50   
7
Brinell Hardness
0.36 MPa   
99+
1,450.00 MPa   
6
Vickers Hardness
Not Available   
1,520.00 MPa   
5
Speed of Sound
2,000.00 m/s   
99+
3,010.00 m/s   
27
Optical Properties
  
  
Allotropes
No   
No   
α Allotropes
Not Available   
Not Available   
β Allotropes
Not Available   
Not Available   
γ Allotropes
Not Available   
Not Available   
Chemical Properties
Chemical Formula
K   
Hf   
Isotopes
  
  
Known Isotopes
20   
19
32   
7
Electronegativity
  
  
Pauling Electronegativity
0.82   
99+
1.30   
32
Sanderson Electronegativity
0.45   
31
Not Available   
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
0.91   
39
1.23   
25
Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
0.73   
23
Not Available   
Allen Electronegativity
0.73   
99+
1.16   
37
Electropositivity
  
  
Pauling Electropositivity
3.18   
3
2.70   
22
Ionization Energies
  
  
1st Energy Level
418.80 kJ/mol   
99+
658.50 kJ/mol   
40
2nd Energy Level
3,052.00 kJ/mol   
5
1,440.00 kJ/mol   
99+
3rd Energy Level
4,420.00 kJ/mol   
8
2,250.00 kJ/mol   
99+
4th Energy Level
5,877.00 kJ/mol   
9
3,216.00 kJ/mol   
99+
5th Energy Level
7,975.00 kJ/mol   
8
Not Available   
6th Energy Level
9,590.00 kJ/mol   
13
Not Available   
7th Energy level
11,343.00 kJ/mol   
17
Not Available   
8th Energy Level
14,944.00 kJ/mol   
13
Not Available   
9th Energy Level
16,963.70 kJ/mol   
15
Not Available   
10th Energy Level
48,610.00 kJ/mol   
3
Not Available   
11th Energy Level
54,490.00 kJ/mol   
4
Not Available   
12th Energy Level
60,730.00 kJ/mol   
4
Not Available   
13th Energy Level
68,950.00 kJ/mol   
4
Not Available   
14th Energy Level
75,900.00 kJ/mol   
5
Not Available   
15th Energy Level
83,080.00 kJ/mol   
6
Not Available   
16th Energy Level
93,400.00 kJ/mol   
7
Not Available   
17th Energy Level
99,710.00 kJ/mol   
8
Not Available   
Electrochemical Equivalent
1.46 g/amp-hr   
99+
1.66 g/amp-hr   
99+
Electron Work Function
2.30 eV   
99+
3.90 eV   
27
Other Chemical Properties
Chemical Stability, Flammability, Ionization, Solubility   
Anti Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility   
Atomic Properties
Atomic Number
19   
99+
72   
99+
Electron Configuration
[Ar] 4s1   
[Xe] 4f14 5d2 6s2   
Crystal Structure
Body Centered Cubic (BCC)   
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)   
Crystal Lattice
BCC-Crystal-Structure-.jpg#100   
BCC-Crystal-Structure-.jpg#100   
Atom
  
  
Number of Protons
19   
99+
72   
99+
Number of Neutrons
20   
99+
106   
29
Number of Electrons
19   
99+
72   
99+
Radius of an Atom
  
  
Atomic Radius
227.00 pm   
3
159.00 pm   
28
Covalent Radius
203.00 pm   
9
175.00 pm   
23
Van der Waals Radius
275.00 pm   
5
200.00 pm   
28
Atomic Weight
39.10 amu   
99+
178.49 amu   
39
Atomic Volume
45.46 cm3/mol   
3
13.60 cm3/mol   
38
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
  
  
Previous Element
Aluminium
  
Lutetium
  
Next Element
Calcium
  
Tantalum
  
Valence Electron Potential
10.40 (-eV)   
99+
81.00 (-eV)   
16
Lattice Constant
532.80 pm   
12
319.64 pm   
99+
Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, π/2   
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3   
Lattice C/A Ratio
Not Available   
1.58   
12
Mechanical Properties
Density
  
  
Density At Room Temperature
0.86 g/cm3   
99+
13.31 g/cm3   
26
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
0.83 g/cm3   
99+
12.00 g/cm3   
12
Tensile Strength
Not Available   
445.00 MPa   
8
Viscosity
Not Available   
Not Available   
Vapor Pressure
  
  
Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
Not Available   
0.00 (Pa)   
24
Elasticity properties
  
  
Shear Modulus
1.30 GPa   
99+
30.00 GPa   
23
Bulk Modulus
3.10 GPa   
99+
110.00 GPa   
15
Young's Modulus
3.53 GPa   
99+
78.00 GPa   
25
Poisson Ratio
Not Available   
0.37   
7
Other Mechanical Properties
NA   
Ductile, Malleable   
Magnetic Properties
Magnetic Characteristics
  
  
Specific Gravity
0.86   
99+
13.31   
18
Magnetic Ordering
Paramagnetic   
Paramagnetic   
Electrical Properties
  
  
Electrical Property
Conductor   
Conductor   
Resistivity
72.00 nΩ·m   
37
331.00 nΩ·m   
14
Electrical Conductivity
0.14 106/cm Ω   
14
0.03 106/cm Ω   
39
Electron Affinity
48.40 kJ/mol   
22
0.00 kJ/mol   
40
Thermal Properties
Specific Heat
0.75 J/(kg K)   
6
0.14 J/(kg K)   
37
Molar Heat Capacity
29.60 J/mol·K   
6
25.73 J/mol·K   
36
Thermal Conductivity
102.50 W/m·K   
15
23.00 W/m·K   
99+
Critical Temperature
2,223.00 K   
3
Not Available   
Thermal Expansion
83.30 µm/(m·K)   
3
5.90 µm/(m·K)   
99+
Enthalpy
  
  
Enthalpy of Vaporization
77.50 kJ/mol   
99+
661.10 kJ/mol   
5
Enthalpy of Fusion
2.32 kJ/mol   
99+
25.10 kJ/mol   
8
Enthalpy of Atomization
89.50 kJ/mol   
99+
703.00 kJ/mol   
5
Standard Molar Entropy
64.70 J/mol.K   
18
43.60 J/mol.K   
34
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