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Potassium vs Hafnium

Potassium
Hafnium
Hafnium vs Potassium


Periodic Table
Symbol
K  
Hf  
Group Number
1  
17
4  
14
Period Number
4  
6  
Block
s block  
d block  
Element Family
Alkali  
Transition Metal  
CAS Number
7440097  
99+
7440586  
30
Space Group Name
Im_ 3m  
P63/mmc  
Space Group Number
229.00  
2
194.00  
7
Facts
Interesting Facts
  • In the list of most abundant element Potassium is ranked 7th.
  • Potassium can easily be sliced (chopped) down using knife.
  
  • Hafnium metal is highly reactive, hence not found free in nature.
  • Hafnium metal as predicated after Mendeleev finished his periodic table.
  
Sources
Found in Minerals, Mining  
By-product Zirconium Refining  
History
  
  
Who Discovered
Humphry Davy  
Dirk Coster and George de Hevesy  
Discovery
In 1807  
In 1922  
Abundance
  
  
Abundance In Universe
0.00 %  
10
0.00 %  
26
Abundance In Sun
0.00 %  
9
0.00 %  
26
Abundance In Meteorites
0.07 %  
9
0.00 %  
37
Abundance In Earth's Crust
1.50 %  
6
0.00 %  
31
Abundance In Oceans
0.04 %  
3
0.00 %  
27
Abundance In Humans
0.20 %  
3
0.00 %  
14
Uses
Uses & Benefits
  • Potassium’s compounds are in high demand for their application in Fertilizer manufacturing.
  • Potassium carbonate is used in glass manufacturing and Potassium carbonate in manufacturing detergent and body wash.
  
  • It has an ability to absorb neutrons and hence it is used to make control rods in nuclear submarines. And this metal is also used in Plasma welding torches.
  • It alloys with iron, titanium and niobium are very useful.
  
Industrial Uses
Ammunition Industry, Chemical Industry  
Ammunition Industry  
Medical Uses
Pharmaceutical Industry  
-  
Other Uses
-  
Alloys, In Nuclear Reactors, Nuclear Research, Research Purposes  
Biological Properties
  
  
Toxicity
Toxic  
Toxic  
Present in Human Body
Yes  
No  
In Blood
1,620.00 Blood/mg dm-3  
2
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3  
40
In Bone
2,100.00 p.p.m.  
3
0.00 p.p.m.  
99+
Physical
Melting Point
63.65 °C  
99+
2,150.00 °C  
10
Boiling Point
774.00 °C  
99+
5,400.00 °C  
5
Appearance
  
  
Physical State
Solid  
Solid  
Color
Silvery Gray  
Gray  
Luster
-  
Metallic  
Hardness
  
  
Mohs Hardness
0.40  
25
5.50  
7
Brinell Hardness
0.36 MPa  
99+
1,450.00 MPa  
6
Vickers Hardness
100.00 MPa  
99+
1,520.00 MPa  
10
Speed of Sound
2,000.00 m/s  
99+
3,010.00 m/s  
39
Optical Properties
  
  
Refractive Index
1.33  
99+
2.00  
15
Reflectivity
72.00 %  
11
71.00 %  
12
Allotropes
No  
No  
α Allotropes
-  
-  
β Allotropes
-  
-  
γ Allotropes
-  
-  
Chemical
Chemical Formula
K  
Hf  
Isotopes
  
  
Known Isotopes
20  
19
32  
7
Electronegativity
  
  
Pauling Electronegativity
0.82  
99+
1.30  
33
Sanderson Electronegativity
0.45  
99+
1.30  
25
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
0.91  
40
1.23  
26
Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
0.73  
99+
1.30  
33
Allen Electronegativity
0.73  
99+
1.16  
99+
Electropositivity
  
  
Pauling Electropositivity
3.18  
3
2.70  
22
Ionization Energies
  
  
1st Energy Level
418.80 kJ/mol  
99+
658.50 kJ/mol  
40
2nd Energy Level
3,052.00 kJ/mol  
5
1,440.00 kJ/mol  
99+
3rd Energy Level
4,420.00 kJ/mol  
8
2,250.00 kJ/mol  
99+
4th Energy Level
5,877.00 kJ/mol  
18
3,216.00 kJ/mol  
99+
5th Energy Level
7,975.00 kJ/mol  
14
6,585.00 kJ/mol  
33
6th Energy Level
9,590.00 kJ/mol  
19
6,585.00 kJ/mol  
99+
7th Energy level
11,343.00 kJ/mol  
17
6,580.00 kJ/mol  
99+
8th Energy Level
14,944.00 kJ/mol  
13
6,580.00 kJ/mol  
99+
9th Energy Level
16,963.70 kJ/mol  
15
6,585.00 kJ/mol  
38
10th Energy Level
48,610.00 kJ/mol  
3
6,590.00 kJ/mol  
40
11th Energy Level
54,490.00 kJ/mol  
4
6,585.00 kJ/mol  
40
12th Energy Level
60,730.00 kJ/mol  
15
6,580.00 kJ/mol  
99+
13th Energy Level
68,950.00 kJ/mol  
4
6,580.00 kJ/mol  
35
14th Energy Level
75,900.00 kJ/mol  
5
658.50 kJ/mol  
99+
15th Energy Level
83,080.00 kJ/mol  
13
65,800.00 kJ/mol  
34
16th Energy Level
93,400.00 kJ/mol  
7
658.50 kJ/mol  
99+
17th Energy Level
99,710.00 kJ/mol  
8
658.50 kJ/mol  
99+
18th Energy Level
4,196.00 kJ/mol  
99+
6,585.00 kJ/mol  
36
19th Energy Level
419.20 kJ/mol  
99+
658.50 kJ/mol  
99+
20th Energy Level
419.00 kJ/mol  
99+
658.00 kJ/mol  
37
21st Energy Level
419.20 kJ/mol  
99+
658.50 kJ/mol  
99+
22nd Energy Level
419.00 kJ/mol  
99+
658.00 kJ/mol  
31
23rd Energy Level
419.20 kJ/mol  
99+
658.50 kJ/mol  
99+
24th Energy Level
419.20 kJ/mol  
99+
658.50 kJ/mol  
31
25th Energy Level
419.20 kJ/mol  
99+
658.00 kJ/mol  
33
26th Energy Level
419.20 kJ/mol  
99+
658.50 kJ/mol  
32
27th Energy Level
419.20 kJ/mol  
99+
658.50 kJ/mol  
33
28th Energy Level
419.20 kJ/mol  
99+
658.50 kJ/mol  
38
29th Energy Level
419.20 kJ/mol  
99+
658.50 kJ/mol  
39
30th Energy Level
419.00 kJ/mol  
99+
658.00 kJ/mol  
35
Electrochemical Equivalent
1.46 g/amp-hr  
99+
1.66 g/amp-hr  
99+
Electron Work Function
2.30 eV  
99+
3.90 eV  
36
Other Chemical Properties
Chemical Stability, Flammability, Ionization, Solubility  
Anti Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility  
Atomic
Atomic Number
19  
99+
72  
99+
Electron Configuration
[Ar] 4s1  
[Xe] 4f14 5d2 6s2  
Crystal Structure
Body Centered Cubic (BCC)  
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)  
Crystal Lattice
BCC-Crystal-Structure-.jpg#100  
BCC-Crystal-Structure-.jpg#100  
Atom
  
  
Number of Protons
19  
99+
72  
99+
Number of Neutrons
20  
99+
106  
30
Number of Electrons
19  
99+
72  
99+
Radius of an Atom
  
  
Atomic Radius
227.00 pm  
4
159.00 pm  
30
Covalent Radius
203.00 pm  
9
175.00 pm  
25
Van der Waals Radius
275.00 pm  
7
200.00 pm  
35
Atomic Weight
39.10 amu  
99+
178.49 amu  
39
Atomic Volume
45.46 cm3/mol  
4
13.60 cm3/mol  
99+
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
  
  
Previous Element
Aluminium
  
Lutetium
  
Next Element
Calcium
  
Tantalum
  
Valence Electron Potential
10.40 (-eV)  
99+
81.00 (-eV)  
16
Lattice Constant
532.80 pm  
13
319.64 pm  
99+
Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, π/2  
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3  
Lattice C/A Ratio
1.69  
10
1.58  
34
Mechanical
Density
  
  
Density At Room Temperature
0.86 g/cm3  
99+
13.31 g/cm3  
27
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
0.83 g/cm3  
99+
12.00 g/cm3  
31
Tensile Strength
16.00 MPa  
99+
445.00 MPa  
9
Viscosity
0.00  
9
0.00  
28
Vapor Pressure
  
  
Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
0.00 (Pa)  
16
0.00 (Pa)  
37
Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
0.00 (Pa)  
34
0.00 (Pa)  
25
Elasticity properties
  
  
Shear Modulus
1.30 GPa  
99+
30.00 GPa  
27
Bulk Modulus
3.10 GPa  
99+
110.00 GPa  
15
Young's Modulus
3.53 GPa  
99+
78.00 GPa  
27
Poisson Ratio
0.35  
9
0.37  
7
Other Mechanical Properties
-  
Ductile, Malleable  
Magnetic
Magnetic Characteristics
  
  
Specific Gravity
0.86  
99+
13.31  
30
Magnetic Ordering
Paramagnetic  
Paramagnetic  
Permeability
0.00 H/m  
13
0.00 H/m  
9
Susceptibility
0.00  
23
0.00  
13
Electrical Properties
  
  
Electrical Property
Conductor  
Conductor  
Resistivity
72.00 nΩ·m  
37
331.00 nΩ·m  
14
Electrical Conductivity
0.14 106/cm Ω  
16
0.03 106/cm Ω  
99+
Electron Affinity
48.40 kJ/mol  
27
0.00 kJ/mol  
99+
Thermal
Specific Heat
0.75 J/(kg K)  
6
0.14 J/(kg K)  
38
Molar Heat Capacity
29.60 J/mol·K  
8
25.73 J/mol·K  
99+
Thermal Conductivity
102.50 W/m·K  
15
23.00 W/m·K  
99+
Critical Temperature
2,223.00 K  
14
2,500.00 K  
11
Thermal Expansion
83.30 µm/(m·K)  
3
5.90 µm/(m·K)  
99+
Enthalpy
  
  
Enthalpy of Vaporization
77.50 kJ/mol  
99+
661.10 kJ/mol  
6
Enthalpy of Fusion
2.32 kJ/mol  
99+
25.10 kJ/mol  
8
Enthalpy of Atomization
89.50 kJ/mol  
99+
703.00 kJ/mol  
5
Standard Molar Entropy
64.70 J/mol.K  
19
43.60 J/mol.K  
99+
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