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Hafnium vs Gold

Hafnium
Gold
Gold vs Hafnium


Periodic Table
Symbol
Hf  
Au  
Group Number
4  
14
11  
7
Period Number
6  
6  
Block
d block  
d block  
Element Family
Transition Metal  
Transition Metal  
CAS Number
7440586  
30
7440575  
31
Space Group Name
P63/mmc  
Fm_ 3m  
Space Group Number
194.00  
7
225.00  
3
Facts
Interesting Facts
  • Hafnium metal is highly reactive, hence not found free in nature.
  • Hafnium metal as predicated after Mendeleev finished his periodic table.
  
  • It is found in copper ores and from the crust of the earth.
  • It is the most malleable and ductile metal.
  • Gold alloys are used in Dentistry as fillings, crowning, clips, etc. It is also used as an artificial limb joints.
  
Sources
By-product Zirconium Refining  
Earth's crust, Mining, Ores of metals  
History
  
  
Who Discovered
Dirk Coster and George de Hevesy  
-  
Discovery
In 1922  
Before 6000 BCE  
Abundance
  
  
Abundance In Universe
0.00 %  
26
0.00 %  
27
Abundance In Sun
0.00 %  
26
0.00 %  
26
Abundance In Meteorites
0.00 %  
37
0.00 %  
99+
Abundance In Earth's Crust
0.00 %  
31
0.00 %  
99+
Abundance In Oceans
0.00 %  
27
0.00 %  
21
Abundance In Humans
0.00 %  
14
0.00 %  
21
Uses
Uses & Benefits
  • It has an ability to absorb neutrons and hence it is used to make control rods in nuclear submarines. And this metal is also used in Plasma welding torches.
  • It alloys with iron, titanium and niobium are very useful.
  
  • Gold metal is mainly used for Jewelry, bullion, coinage, etc.
  • It is used in the art, decoration, ornaments, etc. It is also used for electroplating process.
  
Industrial Uses
Ammunition Industry  
Chemical Industry, Clothing Industry, Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry  
Medical Uses
-  
Dentistry, Pharmaceutical Industry  
Other Uses
Alloys, In Nuclear Reactors, Nuclear Research, Research Purposes  
Alloys, Bullion, Coinage, Jewellery, Sculptures, Statues  
Biological Properties
  
  
Toxicity
Toxic  
Non Toxic  
Present in Human Body
No  
Yes  
In Blood
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3  
40
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3  
38
In Bone
0.00 p.p.m.  
99+
0.02 p.p.m.  
35
Physical
Melting Point
2,150.00 °C  
10
1,064.43 °C  
99+
Boiling Point
5,400.00 °C  
5
2,807.00 °C  
37
Appearance
  
  
Physical State
Solid  
Solid  
Color
Gray  
Gold  
Luster
Metallic  
Metallic  
Hardness
  
  
Mohs Hardness
5.50  
7
2.50  
15
Brinell Hardness
1,450.00 MPa  
6
194.00 MPa  
99+
Vickers Hardness
1,520.00 MPa  
10
216.00 MPa  
99+
Speed of Sound
3,010.00 m/s  
39
2,030.00 m/s  
99+
Optical Properties
  
  
Refractive Index
2.00  
15
0.47  
99+
Reflectivity
71.00 %  
12
95.00 %  
2
Allotropes
No  
No  
α Allotropes
-  
-  
β Allotropes
-  
-  
γ Allotropes
-  
-  
Chemical
Chemical Formula
Hf  
Au  
Isotopes
  
  
Known Isotopes
32  
7
36  
3
Electronegativity
  
  
Pauling Electronegativity
1.30  
33
2.54  
2
Sanderson Electronegativity
1.30  
25
1.50  
18
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.23  
26
1.42  
19
Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
1.30  
33
1.87  
15
Allen Electronegativity
1.16  
99+
1.92  
7
Electropositivity
  
  
Pauling Electropositivity
2.70  
22
1.46  
99+
Ionization Energies
  
  
1st Energy Level
658.50 kJ/mol  
40
890.10 kJ/mol  
8
2nd Energy Level
1,440.00 kJ/mol  
99+
1,980.00 kJ/mol  
12
3rd Energy Level
2,250.00 kJ/mol  
99+
2,856.00 kJ/mol  
33
4th Energy Level
3,216.00 kJ/mol  
99+
890.10 kJ/mol  
99+
5th Energy Level
6,585.00 kJ/mol  
33
8,901.00 kJ/mol  
6
6th Energy Level
6,585.00 kJ/mol  
99+
8,901.00 kJ/mol  
24
7th Energy level
6,580.00 kJ/mol  
99+
8,901.00 kJ/mol  
21
8th Energy Level
6,580.00 kJ/mol  
99+
8,900.00 kJ/mol  
20
9th Energy Level
6,585.00 kJ/mol  
38
8,901.00 kJ/mol  
20
10th Energy Level
6,590.00 kJ/mol  
40
8,901.00 kJ/mol  
21
11th Energy Level
6,585.00 kJ/mol  
40
8,901.00 kJ/mol  
19
12th Energy Level
6,580.00 kJ/mol  
99+
8,900.00 kJ/mol  
39
13th Energy Level
6,580.00 kJ/mol  
35
8,900.00 kJ/mol  
14
14th Energy Level
658.50 kJ/mol  
99+
890.10 kJ/mol  
99+
15th Energy Level
65,800.00 kJ/mol  
34
89,000.00 kJ/mol  
7
16th Energy Level
658.50 kJ/mol  
99+
890.10 kJ/mol  
99+
17th Energy Level
658.50 kJ/mol  
99+
890.10 kJ/mol  
25
18th Energy Level
6,585.00 kJ/mol  
36
8,901.00 kJ/mol  
14
19th Energy Level
658.50 kJ/mol  
99+
890.10 kJ/mol  
23
20th Energy Level
658.00 kJ/mol  
37
890.00 kJ/mol  
13
21st Energy Level
658.50 kJ/mol  
99+
890.10 kJ/mol  
35
22nd Energy Level
658.00 kJ/mol  
31
890.00 kJ/mol  
11
23rd Energy Level
658.50 kJ/mol  
99+
890.10 kJ/mol  
38
24th Energy Level
658.50 kJ/mol  
31
890.10 kJ/mol  
6
25th Energy Level
658.00 kJ/mol  
33
890.00 kJ/mol  
5
26th Energy Level
658.50 kJ/mol  
32
890.10 kJ/mol  
5
27th Energy Level
658.50 kJ/mol  
33
890.10 kJ/mol  
4
28th Energy Level
658.50 kJ/mol  
38
890.10 kJ/mol  
7
29th Energy Level
658.50 kJ/mol  
39
890.10 kJ/mol  
8
30th Energy Level
658.00 kJ/mol  
35
890.10 kJ/mol  
5
Electrochemical Equivalent
1.66 g/amp-hr  
99+
2.45 g/amp-hr  
25
Electron Work Function
3.90 eV  
36
5.10 eV  
8
Other Chemical Properties
Anti Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility  
Chemical Stability, Ionization, Solubility  
Atomic
Atomic Number
72  
99+
79  
37
Electron Configuration
[Xe] 4f14 5d2 6s2  
[Xe] 4f14 5d10 6s1  
Crystal Structure
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)  
Face Centered Cubic (FCC)  
Crystal Lattice
BCC-Crystal-Structure-.jpg#100  
FCC-Crystal-Structure-of-Gold.jpg#100  
Atom
  
  
Number of Protons
72  
99+
79  
37
Number of Neutrons
106  
30
118  
24
Number of Electrons
72  
99+
79  
37
Radius of an Atom
  
  
Atomic Radius
159.00 pm  
30
151.00 pm  
34
Covalent Radius
175.00 pm  
25
144.00 pm  
99+
Van der Waals Radius
200.00 pm  
35
166.00 pm  
99+
Atomic Weight
178.49 amu  
39
196.97 amu  
33
Atomic Volume
13.60 cm3/mol  
99+
10.20 cm3/mol  
99+
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
  
  
Previous Element
Lutetium
  
Platinum
  
Next Element
Tantalum
  
Mercury
  
Valence Electron Potential
81.00 (-eV)  
16
43.40 (-eV)  
99+
Lattice Constant
319.64 pm  
99+
407.82 pm  
24
Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3  
π/2, π/2, π/2  
Lattice C/A Ratio
1.58  
34
1.61  
18
Mechanical
Density
  
  
Density At Room Temperature
13.31 g/cm3  
27
19.30 g/cm3  
15
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
12.00 g/cm3  
31
17.31 g/cm3  
16
Tensile Strength
445.00 MPa  
9
120.00 MPa  
27
Viscosity
0.00  
28
0.00  
23
Vapor Pressure
  
  
Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
0.00 (Pa)  
37
0.00 (Pa)  
25
Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
0.00 (Pa)  
25
67.00 (Pa)  
4
Elasticity properties
  
  
Shear Modulus
30.00 GPa  
27
27.00 GPa  
34
Bulk Modulus
110.00 GPa  
15
180.00 GPa  
9
Young's Modulus
78.00 GPa  
27
79.00 GPa  
26
Poisson Ratio
0.37  
7
0.40  
4
Other Mechanical Properties
Ductile, Malleable  
Ductile, Malleable  
Magnetic
Magnetic Characteristics
  
  
Specific Gravity
13.31  
30
19.32  
17
Magnetic Ordering
Paramagnetic  
Diamagnetic  
Permeability
0.00 H/m  
9
0.00 H/m  
10
Susceptibility
0.00  
13
0.00  
22
Electrical Properties
  
  
Electrical Property
Conductor  
Conductor  
Resistivity
331.00 nΩ·m  
14
2.20 nΩ·m  
99+
Electrical Conductivity
0.03 106/cm Ω  
99+
0.45 106/cm Ω  
3
Electron Affinity
0.00 kJ/mol  
99+
222.80 kJ/mol  
1
Thermal
Specific Heat
0.14 J/(kg K)  
38
0.13 J/(kg K)  
40
Molar Heat Capacity
25.73 J/mol·K  
99+
25.42 J/mol·K  
99+
Thermal Conductivity
23.00 W/m·K  
99+
318.00 W/m·K  
3
Critical Temperature
2,500.00 K  
11
1,337.00 K  
99+
Thermal Expansion
5.90 µm/(m·K)  
99+
14.20 µm/(m·K)  
29
Enthalpy
  
  
Enthalpy of Vaporization
661.10 kJ/mol  
6
324.40 kJ/mol  
99+
Enthalpy of Fusion
25.10 kJ/mol  
8
12.55 kJ/mol  
33
Enthalpy of Atomization
703.00 kJ/mol  
5
364.00 kJ/mol  
34
Standard Molar Entropy
43.60 J/mol.K  
99+
47.40 J/mol.K  
99+
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