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Gold vs Rutherfordium

Gold
Rutherfordium
Rutherfordium vs Gold


Periodic Table
Symbol
Au  
Rf  
Group Number
11  
7
4  
14
Period Number
6  
7  
Block
d block  
d block  
Element Family
Transition Metal  
Transition Metal  
CAS Number
7440575  
31
53850365  
13
Space Group Name
Fm_ 3m  
-  
Space Group Number
225.00  
3
166.00  
9
Facts
Interesting Facts
  • It is found in copper ores and from the crust of the earth.
  • It is the most malleable and ductile metal.
  • Gold alloys are used in Dentistry as fillings, crowning, clips, etc. It is also used as an artificial limb joints.
  
  • Rutherfordium does not occur in nature as it is a synthetic element.
  • Till date Rutherfordium metal has 15 radioisotopes created synthetically.
  
Sources
Earth's crust, Mining, Ores of metals  
Bombarding Plutonium with Accelerated 113 to 115 MeV Neon Ions, Synthetically Produced  
History
  
  
Who Discovered
-  
Joint Institute for Nuclear Research  
Discovery
Before 6000 BCE  
In 1964  
Abundance
  
  
Abundance In Universe
0.00 %  
27
0.00 %  
40
Abundance In Sun
0.00 %  
26
-  
Abundance In Meteorites
0.00 %  
99+
-  
Abundance In Earth's Crust
0.00 %  
99+
-  
Abundance In Oceans
0.00 %  
21
-  
Abundance In Humans
0.00 %  
21
-  
Uses
Uses & Benefits
  • Gold metal is mainly used for Jewelry, bullion, coinage, etc.
  • It is used in the art, decoration, ornaments, etc. It is also used for electroplating process.
  
  • Currently known uses of Rutherfordium metal are limited to research purpose only.
  
Industrial Uses
Chemical Industry, Clothing Industry, Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry  
-  
Medical Uses
Dentistry, Pharmaceutical Industry  
-  
Other Uses
Alloys, Bullion, Coinage, Jewellery, Sculptures, Statues  
Alloys, Research Purposes  
Biological Properties
  
  
Toxicity
Non Toxic  
-  
Present in Human Body
Yes  
No  
In Blood
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3  
38
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3  
40
In Bone
0.02 p.p.m.  
35
0.00 p.p.m.  
99+
Physical
Melting Point
1,064.43 °C  
99+
2,100.00 °C  
11
Boiling Point
2,807.00 °C  
37
5,500.00 °C  
3
Appearance
  
  
Physical State
Solid  
Solid  
Color
Gold  
-  
Luster
Metallic  
Unknown Luster  
Hardness
  
  
Mohs Hardness
2.50  
15
-  
Brinell Hardness
194.00 MPa  
99+
1,300.00 MPa  
9
Vickers Hardness
216.00 MPa  
99+
550.00 MPa  
31
Speed of Sound
2,030.00 m/s  
99+
6,100.00 m/s  
5
Optical Properties
  
  
Refractive Index
0.47  
99+
1.30  
99+
Reflectivity
95.00 %  
2
65.00 %  
18
Allotropes
No  
No  
α Allotropes
-  
-  
β Allotropes
-  
-  
γ Allotropes
-  
-  
Chemical
Chemical Formula
Au  
Rf  
Isotopes
  
  
Known Isotopes
36  
3
13  
26
Electronegativity
  
  
Pauling Electronegativity
2.54  
2
0.00  
99+
Sanderson Electronegativity
1.50  
18
1.90  
13
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.42  
19
1.30  
25
Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
1.87  
15
1.30  
33
Allen Electronegativity
1.92  
7
0.90  
99+
Electropositivity
  
  
Pauling Electropositivity
1.46  
99+
2.20  
39
Ionization Energies
  
  
1st Energy Level
890.10 kJ/mol  
8
579.90 kJ/mol  
99+
2nd Energy Level
1,980.00 kJ/mol  
12
1,389.40 kJ/mol  
99+
3rd Energy Level
2,856.00 kJ/mol  
33
2,296.40 kJ/mol  
99+
4th Energy Level
890.10 kJ/mol  
99+
3,077.90 kJ/mol  
99+
5th Energy Level
8,901.00 kJ/mol  
6
5,790.00 kJ/mol  
99+
6th Energy Level
8,901.00 kJ/mol  
24
11,600.00 kJ/mol  
7
7th Energy level
8,901.00 kJ/mol  
21
5,800.00 kJ/mol  
99+
8th Energy Level
8,900.00 kJ/mol  
20
5,800.00 kJ/mol  
99+
9th Energy Level
8,901.00 kJ/mol  
20
5,800.00 kJ/mol  
99+
10th Energy Level
8,901.00 kJ/mol  
21
5,800.00 kJ/mol  
99+
11th Energy Level
8,901.00 kJ/mol  
19
5,800.00 kJ/mol  
99+
12th Energy Level
8,900.00 kJ/mol  
39
5,800.00 kJ/mol  
99+
13th Energy Level
8,900.00 kJ/mol  
14
5,800.00 kJ/mol  
99+
14th Energy Level
890.10 kJ/mol  
99+
5,800.00 kJ/mol  
99+
15th Energy Level
89,000.00 kJ/mol  
7
58,000.00 kJ/mol  
99+
16th Energy Level
890.10 kJ/mol  
99+
58,000.00 kJ/mol  
99+
17th Energy Level
890.10 kJ/mol  
25
579.90 kJ/mol  
99+
18th Energy Level
8,901.00 kJ/mol  
14
3,300.00 kJ/mol  
99+
19th Energy Level
890.10 kJ/mol  
23
579.90 kJ/mol  
99+
20th Energy Level
890.00 kJ/mol  
13
580.00 kJ/mol  
99+
21st Energy Level
890.10 kJ/mol  
35
5,800.00 kJ/mol  
21
22nd Energy Level
890.00 kJ/mol  
11
579.00 kJ/mol  
99+
23rd Energy Level
890.10 kJ/mol  
38
5,800.00 kJ/mol  
21
24th Energy Level
890.10 kJ/mol  
6
579.10 kJ/mol  
99+
25th Energy Level
890.00 kJ/mol  
5
0.00 kJ/mol  
99+
26th Energy Level
890.10 kJ/mol  
5
580.00 kJ/mol  
99+
27th Energy Level
890.10 kJ/mol  
4
580.00 kJ/mol  
99+
28th Energy Level
890.10 kJ/mol  
7
840.00 kJ/mol  
14
29th Energy Level
890.10 kJ/mol  
8
580.60 kJ/mol  
99+
30th Energy Level
890.10 kJ/mol  
5
0.00 kJ/mol  
99+
Electrochemical Equivalent
2.45 g/amp-hr  
25
3.00 g/amp-hr  
21
Electron Work Function
5.10 eV  
8
6.00 eV  
1
Other Chemical Properties
Chemical Stability, Ionization, Solubility  
Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Radioactivity  
Atomic
Atomic Number
79  
37
104  
14
Electron Configuration
[Xe] 4f14 5d10 6s1  
[Rn] 5f14 6d2 7s2  
Crystal Structure
Face Centered Cubic (FCC)  
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)  
Crystal Lattice
FCC-Crystal-Structure-of-Gold.jpg#100  
BCC-Crystal-Structure-.jpg#100  
Atom
  
  
Number of Protons
79  
37
104  
14
Number of Neutrons
118  
24
157  
8
Number of Electrons
79  
37
104  
14
Radius of an Atom
  
  
Atomic Radius
151.00 pm  
34
150.00 pm  
35
Covalent Radius
144.00 pm  
99+
157.00 pm  
33
Van der Waals Radius
166.00 pm  
99+
250.00 pm  
10
Atomic Weight
196.97 amu  
33
267.00 amu  
11
Atomic Volume
10.20 cm3/mol  
99+
23.20 cm3/mol  
15
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
  
  
Previous Element
Platinum
  
Lawrencium
  
Next Element
Mercury
  
Dubnium
  
Valence Electron Potential
43.40 (-eV)  
99+
6.00 (-eV)  
99+
Lattice Constant
407.82 pm  
24
-  
Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, π/2  
-  
Lattice C/A Ratio
1.61  
18
1.60  
22
Mechanical
Density
  
  
Density At Room Temperature
19.30 g/cm3  
15
23.20 g/cm3  
8
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
17.31 g/cm3  
16
23.20 g/cm3  
9
Tensile Strength
120.00 MPa  
27
23.00 MPa  
99+
Viscosity
0.00  
23
0.00  
25
Vapor Pressure
  
  
Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
0.00 (Pa)  
25
0.00 (Pa)  
37
Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
67.00 (Pa)  
4
0.00 (Pa)  
99+
Elasticity properties
  
  
Shear Modulus
27.00 GPa  
34
23.00 GPa  
99+
Bulk Modulus
180.00 GPa  
9
0.00 GPa  
99+
Young's Modulus
79.00 GPa  
26
12.80 GPa  
99+
Poisson Ratio
0.40  
4
0.30  
14
Other Mechanical Properties
Ductile, Malleable  
-  
Magnetic
Magnetic Characteristics
  
  
Specific Gravity
19.32  
17
23.00  
10
Magnetic Ordering
Diamagnetic  
-  
Permeability
0.00 H/m  
10
0.00 H/m  
10
Susceptibility
0.00  
22
0.00  
24
Electrical Properties
  
  
Electrical Property
Conductor  
-  
Resistivity
2.20 nΩ·m  
99+
0.29 nΩ·m  
99+
Electrical Conductivity
0.45 106/cm Ω  
3
0.00 106/cm Ω  
99+
Electron Affinity
222.80 kJ/mol  
1
50.00 kJ/mol  
26
Thermal
Specific Heat
0.13 J/(kg K)  
40
0.27 J/(kg K)  
19
Molar Heat Capacity
25.42 J/mol·K  
99+
23.20 J/mol·K  
99+
Thermal Conductivity
318.00 W/m·K  
3
0.23 W/m·K  
99+
Critical Temperature
1,337.00 K  
99+
2,400.00 K  
12
Thermal Expansion
14.20 µm/(m·K)  
29
23.20 µm/(m·K)  
17
Enthalpy
  
  
Enthalpy of Vaporization
324.40 kJ/mol  
99+
580.00 kJ/mol  
12
Enthalpy of Fusion
12.55 kJ/mol  
33
-  
Enthalpy of Atomization
364.00 kJ/mol  
34
580.00 kJ/mol  
14
Standard Molar Entropy
47.40 J/mol.K  
99+
57.60 J/mol.K  
28
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