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Gold vs Hafnium

Gold
Hafnium
Hafnium vs Gold


Periodic Table
Symbol
Au  
Hf  
Group Number
11  
7
4  
14
Period Number
6  
6  
Block
d block  
d block  
Element Family
Transition Metal  
Transition Metal  
CAS Number
7440575  
31
7440586  
30
Space Group Name
Fm_ 3m  
P63/mmc  
Space Group Number
225.00  
3
194.00  
7
Facts
Interesting Facts
  • It is found in copper ores and from the crust of the earth.
  • It is the most malleable and ductile metal.
  • Gold alloys are used in Dentistry as fillings, crowning, clips, etc. It is also used as an artificial limb joints.
  
  • Hafnium metal is highly reactive, hence not found free in nature.
  • Hafnium metal as predicated after Mendeleev finished his periodic table.
  
Sources
Earth's crust, Mining, Ores of metals  
By-product Zirconium Refining  
History
  
  
Who Discovered
-  
Dirk Coster and George de Hevesy  
Discovery
Before 6000 BCE  
In 1922  
Abundance
  
  
Abundance In Universe
0.00 %  
27
0.00 %  
26
Abundance In Sun
0.00 %  
26
0.00 %  
26
Abundance In Meteorites
0.00 %  
99+
0.00 %  
37
Abundance In Earth's Crust
0.00 %  
99+
0.00 %  
31
Abundance In Oceans
0.00 %  
21
0.00 %  
27
Abundance In Humans
0.00 %  
21
0.00 %  
14
Uses
Uses & Benefits
  • Gold metal is mainly used for Jewelry, bullion, coinage, etc.
  • It is used in the art, decoration, ornaments, etc. It is also used for electroplating process.
  
  • It has an ability to absorb neutrons and hence it is used to make control rods in nuclear submarines. And this metal is also used in Plasma welding torches.
  • It alloys with iron, titanium and niobium are very useful.
  
Industrial Uses
Chemical Industry, Clothing Industry, Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry  
Ammunition Industry  
Medical Uses
Dentistry, Pharmaceutical Industry  
-  
Other Uses
Alloys, Bullion, Coinage, Jewellery, Sculptures, Statues  
Alloys, In Nuclear Reactors, Nuclear Research, Research Purposes  
Biological Properties
  
  
Toxicity
Non Toxic  
Toxic  
Present in Human Body
Yes  
No  
In Blood
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3  
38
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3  
40
In Bone
0.02 p.p.m.  
35
0.00 p.p.m.  
99+
Physical
Melting Point
1,064.43 °C  
99+
2,150.00 °C  
10
Boiling Point
2,807.00 °C  
37
5,400.00 °C  
5
Appearance
  
  
Physical State
Solid  
Solid  
Color
Gold  
Gray  
Luster
Metallic  
Metallic  
Hardness
  
  
Mohs Hardness
2.50  
15
5.50  
7
Brinell Hardness
194.00 MPa  
99+
1,450.00 MPa  
6
Vickers Hardness
216.00 MPa  
99+
1,520.00 MPa  
10
Speed of Sound
2,030.00 m/s  
99+
3,010.00 m/s  
39
Optical Properties
  
  
Refractive Index
0.47  
99+
2.00  
15
Reflectivity
95.00 %  
2
71.00 %  
12
Allotropes
No  
No  
α Allotropes
-  
-  
β Allotropes
-  
-  
γ Allotropes
-  
-  
Chemical
Chemical Formula
Au  
Hf  
Isotopes
  
  
Known Isotopes
36  
3
32  
7
Electronegativity
  
  
Pauling Electronegativity
2.54  
2
1.30  
33
Sanderson Electronegativity
1.50  
18
1.30  
25
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.42  
19
1.23  
26
Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
1.87  
15
1.30  
33
Allen Electronegativity
1.92  
7
1.16  
99+
Electropositivity
  
  
Pauling Electropositivity
1.46  
99+
2.70  
22
Ionization Energies
  
  
1st Energy Level
890.10 kJ/mol  
8
658.50 kJ/mol  
40
2nd Energy Level
1,980.00 kJ/mol  
12
1,440.00 kJ/mol  
99+
3rd Energy Level
2,856.00 kJ/mol  
33
2,250.00 kJ/mol  
99+
4th Energy Level
890.10 kJ/mol  
99+
3,216.00 kJ/mol  
99+
5th Energy Level
8,901.00 kJ/mol  
6
6,585.00 kJ/mol  
33
6th Energy Level
8,901.00 kJ/mol  
24
6,585.00 kJ/mol  
99+
7th Energy level
8,901.00 kJ/mol  
21
6,580.00 kJ/mol  
99+
8th Energy Level
8,900.00 kJ/mol  
20
6,580.00 kJ/mol  
99+
9th Energy Level
8,901.00 kJ/mol  
20
6,585.00 kJ/mol  
38
10th Energy Level
8,901.00 kJ/mol  
21
6,590.00 kJ/mol  
40
11th Energy Level
8,901.00 kJ/mol  
19
6,585.00 kJ/mol  
40
12th Energy Level
8,900.00 kJ/mol  
39
6,580.00 kJ/mol  
99+
13th Energy Level
8,900.00 kJ/mol  
14
6,580.00 kJ/mol  
35
14th Energy Level
890.10 kJ/mol  
99+
658.50 kJ/mol  
99+
15th Energy Level
89,000.00 kJ/mol  
7
65,800.00 kJ/mol  
34
16th Energy Level
890.10 kJ/mol  
99+
658.50 kJ/mol  
99+
17th Energy Level
890.10 kJ/mol  
25
658.50 kJ/mol  
99+
18th Energy Level
8,901.00 kJ/mol  
14
6,585.00 kJ/mol  
36
19th Energy Level
890.10 kJ/mol  
23
658.50 kJ/mol  
99+
20th Energy Level
890.00 kJ/mol  
13
658.00 kJ/mol  
37
21st Energy Level
890.10 kJ/mol  
35
658.50 kJ/mol  
99+
22nd Energy Level
890.00 kJ/mol  
11
658.00 kJ/mol  
31
23rd Energy Level
890.10 kJ/mol  
38
658.50 kJ/mol  
99+
24th Energy Level
890.10 kJ/mol  
6
658.50 kJ/mol  
31
25th Energy Level
890.00 kJ/mol  
5
658.00 kJ/mol  
33
26th Energy Level
890.10 kJ/mol  
5
658.50 kJ/mol  
32
27th Energy Level
890.10 kJ/mol  
4
658.50 kJ/mol  
33
28th Energy Level
890.10 kJ/mol  
7
658.50 kJ/mol  
38
29th Energy Level
890.10 kJ/mol  
8
658.50 kJ/mol  
39
30th Energy Level
890.10 kJ/mol  
5
658.00 kJ/mol  
35
Electrochemical Equivalent
2.45 g/amp-hr  
25
1.66 g/amp-hr  
99+
Electron Work Function
5.10 eV  
8
3.90 eV  
36
Other Chemical Properties
Chemical Stability, Ionization, Solubility  
Anti Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility  
Atomic
Atomic Number
79  
37
72  
99+
Electron Configuration
[Xe] 4f14 5d10 6s1  
[Xe] 4f14 5d2 6s2  
Crystal Structure
Face Centered Cubic (FCC)  
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)  
Crystal Lattice
FCC-Crystal-Structure-of-Gold.jpg#100  
BCC-Crystal-Structure-.jpg#100  
Atom
  
  
Number of Protons
79  
37
72  
99+
Number of Neutrons
118  
24
106  
30
Number of Electrons
79  
37
72  
99+
Radius of an Atom
  
  
Atomic Radius
151.00 pm  
34
159.00 pm  
30
Covalent Radius
144.00 pm  
99+
175.00 pm  
25
Van der Waals Radius
166.00 pm  
99+
200.00 pm  
35
Atomic Weight
196.97 amu  
33
178.49 amu  
39
Atomic Volume
10.20 cm3/mol  
99+
13.60 cm3/mol  
99+
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
  
  
Previous Element
Platinum
  
Lutetium
  
Next Element
Mercury
  
Tantalum
  
Valence Electron Potential
43.40 (-eV)  
99+
81.00 (-eV)  
16
Lattice Constant
407.82 pm  
24
319.64 pm  
99+
Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, π/2  
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3  
Lattice C/A Ratio
1.61  
18
1.58  
34
Mechanical
Density
  
  
Density At Room Temperature
19.30 g/cm3  
15
13.31 g/cm3  
27
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
17.31 g/cm3  
16
12.00 g/cm3  
31
Tensile Strength
120.00 MPa  
27
445.00 MPa  
9
Viscosity
0.00  
23
0.00  
28
Vapor Pressure
  
  
Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
0.00 (Pa)  
25
0.00 (Pa)  
37
Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
67.00 (Pa)  
4
0.00 (Pa)  
25
Elasticity properties
  
  
Shear Modulus
27.00 GPa  
34
30.00 GPa  
27
Bulk Modulus
180.00 GPa  
9
110.00 GPa  
15
Young's Modulus
79.00 GPa  
26
78.00 GPa  
27
Poisson Ratio
0.40  
4
0.37  
7
Other Mechanical Properties
Ductile, Malleable  
Ductile, Malleable  
Magnetic
Magnetic Characteristics
  
  
Specific Gravity
19.32  
17
13.31  
30
Magnetic Ordering
Diamagnetic  
Paramagnetic  
Permeability
0.00 H/m  
10
0.00 H/m  
9
Susceptibility
0.00  
22
0.00  
13
Electrical Properties
  
  
Electrical Property
Conductor  
Conductor  
Resistivity
2.20 nΩ·m  
99+
331.00 nΩ·m  
14
Electrical Conductivity
0.45 106/cm Ω  
3
0.03 106/cm Ω  
99+
Electron Affinity
222.80 kJ/mol  
1
0.00 kJ/mol  
99+
Thermal
Specific Heat
0.13 J/(kg K)  
40
0.14 J/(kg K)  
38
Molar Heat Capacity
25.42 J/mol·K  
99+
25.73 J/mol·K  
99+
Thermal Conductivity
318.00 W/m·K  
3
23.00 W/m·K  
99+
Critical Temperature
1,337.00 K  
99+
2,500.00 K  
11
Thermal Expansion
14.20 µm/(m·K)  
29
5.90 µm/(m·K)  
99+
Enthalpy
  
  
Enthalpy of Vaporization
324.40 kJ/mol  
99+
661.10 kJ/mol  
6
Enthalpy of Fusion
12.55 kJ/mol  
33
25.10 kJ/mol  
8
Enthalpy of Atomization
364.00 kJ/mol  
34
703.00 kJ/mol  
5
Standard Molar Entropy
47.40 J/mol.K  
99+
43.60 J/mol.K  
99+
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