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Hafnium vs Copper

Hafnium
Copper
Copper vs Hafnium


Periodic Table
Symbol
Hf   
Cu   
Group Number
4   
14
11   
7
Period Number
6   
4   
Block
d block   
d block   
Element Family
Transition Metal   
Transition Metal   
CAS Number
7440586   
30
7440508   
37
Space Group Name
P63/mmc   
Fm_ 3m   
Space Group Number
194.00   
5
225.00   
2
Facts
Interesting Facts
  • Hafnium metal is highly reactive, hence not found free in nature.
  • Hafnium metal as predicated after Mendeleev finished his periodic table.
  
  • Copper rarely found in its pure form in nature.
  • Copper Sulfate is mostly used in agricultural poison and as an algicide in water purification system.
  
Sources
By-product Zirconium Refining   
Found in Minerals   
History
  
  
Who Discovered
Dirk Coster and George de Hevesy   
Unknown   
Discovery
In 1922   
In Middle East (9000 BCE)   
Abundance
  
  
Abundance In Universe
7 * 10-8 %   
25
6 * 10-6 %   
12
Abundance In Sun
~0.0000001 %   
26
~0.00007 %   
12
Abundance In Meteorites
0.00 %   
37
0.01 %   
13
Abundance In Earth's Crust
0.00 %   
31
0.01 %   
17
Abundance In Oceans
0.00 %   
27
0.00 %   
8
Abundance In Humans
Not Available   
0.00 %   
9
Uses
Uses & Benefits
  • It has an ability to absorb neutrons and hence it is used to make control rods in nuclear submarines. And this metal is also used in Plasma welding torches.
  • It alloys with iron, titanium and niobium are very useful.
  
  • It is use for coinage and bullion.
  • Most of copper element is used in manufacturing electrical and electronic equipments such as wirings and components. It is also used in construction and industrial machine.
  
Industrial Uses
Ammunition Industry   
Chemical Industry, Electronic Industry   
Medical Uses
NA   
NA   
Other Uses
Alloys, In Nuclear Reactors, Nuclear Research, Research Purposes   
Alloys, Coinage, Jewellery   
Biological Properties
  
  
Toxicity
Toxic   
Non Toxic   
Present in Human Body
No   
Yes   
In Blood
Not Available   
1.01 Blood/mg dm-3   
8
In Bone
Not Available   
26.00 p.p.m.   
12
Physical Properties
Melting Point
2,150.00 °C   
10
1,084.62 °C   
40
Boiling Point
5,400.00 °C   
5
2,562.00 °C   
99+
Appearance
  
  
Physical State
Solid   
Solid   
Color
Gray   
Copper   
Luster
Metallic   
NA   
Hardness
  
  
Mohs Hardness
5.50   
7
3.00   
12
Brinell Hardness
1,450.00 MPa   
6
235.00 MPa   
38
Vickers Hardness
1,520.00 MPa   
5
343.00 MPa   
28
Speed of Sound
3,010.00 m/s   
27
3,810.00 m/s   
19
Optical Properties
  
  
Reflectivity
Not Available   
90.00 %   
3
Allotropes
No   
No   
α Allotropes
Not Available   
Not Available   
β Allotropes
Not Available   
Not Available   
γ Allotropes
Not Available   
Not Available   
Chemical Properties
Chemical Formula
Hf   
Cu   
Isotopes
  
  
Known Isotopes
32   
7
29   
10
Electronegativity
  
  
Pauling Electronegativity
1.30   
32
1.90   
11
Sanderson Electronegativity
Not Available   
1.98   
9
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.23   
25
1.75   
3
Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
Not Available   
1.49   
14
Allen Electronegativity
1.16   
37
1.85   
9
Electropositivity
  
  
Pauling Electropositivity
2.70   
22
2.10   
99+
Ionization Energies
  
  
1st Energy Level
658.50 kJ/mol   
40
745.50 kJ/mol   
22
2nd Energy Level
1,440.00 kJ/mol   
99+
1,957.90 kJ/mol   
15
3rd Energy Level
2,250.00 kJ/mol   
99+
3,555.00 kJ/mol   
15
4th Energy Level
3,216.00 kJ/mol   
99+
5,536.00 kJ/mol   
12
5th Energy Level
Not Available   
7,700.00 kJ/mol   
11
6th Energy Level
Not Available   
9,900.00 kJ/mol   
10
7th Energy level
Not Available   
13,400.00 kJ/mol   
7
8th Energy Level
Not Available   
16,000.00 kJ/mol   
9
9th Energy Level
Not Available   
19,200.00 kJ/mol   
9
10th Energy Level
Not Available   
22,400.00 kJ/mol   
11
11th Energy Level
Not Available   
25,600.00 kJ/mol   
13
12th Energy Level
Not Available   
35,600.00 kJ/mol   
6
13th Energy Level
Not Available   
38,700.00 kJ/mol   
6
14th Energy Level
Not Available   
42,000.00 kJ/mol   
7
15th Energy Level
Not Available   
46,700.00 kJ/mol   
9
16th Energy Level
Not Available   
50,200.00 kJ/mol   
10
17th Energy Level
Not Available   
53,700.00 kJ/mol   
12
18th Energy Level
Not Available   
61,100.00 kJ/mol   
10
19th Energy Level
Not Available   
64,702.00 kJ/mol   
11
20th Energy Level
Not Available   
163,700.00 kJ/mol   
2
21st Energy Level
Not Available   
174,100.00 kJ/mol   
2
22nd Energy Level
Not Available   
184,900.00 kJ/mol   
1
23rd Energy Level
Not Available   
198,800.00 kJ/mol   
1
Electrochemical Equivalent
1.66 g/amp-hr   
99+
1.19 g/amp-hr   
99+
Electron Work Function
3.90 eV   
27
4.65 eV   
11
Other Chemical Properties
Anti Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility   
Chemical Stability, Corrosion, Ionization, Solubility   
Atomic Properties
Atomic Number
72   
99+
29   
99+
Electron Configuration
[Xe] 4f14 5d2 6s2   
[Ar] 3d10 4s1   
Crystal Structure
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)   
Face Centered Cubic (FCC)   
Crystal Lattice
BCC-Crystal-Structure-.jpg#100   
FCC-Crystal-Structure-of-Copper.jpg#100   
Atom
  
  
Number of Protons
72   
99+
29   
99+
Number of Neutrons
106   
29
35   
99+
Number of Electrons
72   
99+
29   
99+
Radius of an Atom
  
  
Atomic Radius
159.00 pm   
28
128.00 pm   
99+
Covalent Radius
175.00 pm   
23
132.00 pm   
99+
Van der Waals Radius
200.00 pm   
28
140.00 pm   
99+
Atomic Weight
178.49 amu   
39
63.55 amu   
99+
Atomic Volume
13.60 cm3/mol   
38
7.10 cm3/mol   
99+
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
  
  
Previous Element
Lutetium
  
Nickel
  
Next Element
Tantalum
  
Zinc
  
Valence Electron Potential
81.00 (-eV)   
16
34.00 (-eV)   
99+
Lattice Constant
319.64 pm   
99+
361.49 pm   
35
Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3   
π/2, π/2, π/2   
Lattice C/A Ratio
1.58   
12
Not Available   
Mechanical Properties
Density
  
  
Density At Room Temperature
13.31 g/cm3   
26
8.96 g/cm3   
99+
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
12.00 g/cm3   
12
8.02 g/cm3   
27
Tensile Strength
445.00 MPa   
8
Not Available   
Viscosity
Not Available   
Not Available   
Vapor Pressure
  
  
Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
Not Available   
1.53 (Pa)   
8
Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
0.00 (Pa)   
24
Not Available   
Elasticity properties
  
  
Shear Modulus
30.00 GPa   
23
48.00 GPa   
15
Bulk Modulus
110.00 GPa   
15
140.00 GPa   
12
Young's Modulus
78.00 GPa   
25
120.00 GPa   
17
Poisson Ratio
0.37   
7
0.34   
10
Other Mechanical Properties
Ductile, Malleable   
Ductile, Malleable   
Magnetic Properties
Magnetic Characteristics
  
  
Specific Gravity
13.31   
18
8.89   
34
Magnetic Ordering
Paramagnetic   
Diamagnetic   
Permeability
Not Available   
1.256629 * 10-6 H/m   
5
Susceptibility
Not Available   
-9.63 * 10-6   
4
Electrical Properties
  
  
Electrical Property
Conductor   
Conductor   
Resistivity
331.00 nΩ·m   
14
16.78 nΩ·m   
99+
Electrical Conductivity
0.03 106/cm Ω   
39
0.60 106/cm Ω   
2
Electron Affinity
0.00 kJ/mol   
40
222.80 kJ/mol   
1
Thermal Properties
Specific Heat
0.14 J/(kg K)   
37
0.38 J/(kg K)   
15
Molar Heat Capacity
25.73 J/mol·K   
36
24.44 J/mol·K   
99+
Thermal Conductivity
23.00 W/m·K   
99+
401.00 W/m·K   
2
Critical Temperature
Not Available   
Not Available   
Thermal Expansion
5.90 µm/(m·K)   
99+
16.50 µm/(m·K)   
25
Enthalpy
  
  
Enthalpy of Vaporization
661.10 kJ/mol   
5
283.70 kJ/mol   
33
Enthalpy of Fusion
25.10 kJ/mol   
8
7.11 kJ/mol   
99+
Enthalpy of Atomization
703.00 kJ/mol   
5
338.90 kJ/mol   
29
Standard Molar Entropy
43.60 J/mol.K   
34
33.20 J/mol.K   
99+
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