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Hafnium vs Palladium

Hafnium
Palladium
Palladium vs Hafnium


Periodic Table
Symbol
Hf  
Pd  
Group Number
4  
14
10  
8
Period Number
6  
5  
Block
d block  
d block  
Element Family
Transition Metal  
Transition Metal  
CAS Number
7440586  
30
7440053  
99+
Space Group Name
P63/mmc  
Fm_ 3m  
Space Group Number
194.00  
7
225.00  
3
Facts
Interesting Facts
  • Hafnium metal is highly reactive, hence not found free in nature.
  • Hafnium metal as predicated after Mendeleev finished his periodic table.
  
  • Palladium alloys are used for Jewelry contains (95% Palladium and 5% Ruthenium)
  • In the late 1800s, Palladium metal used have more economical value than the Platinum metal.
  • Palladium element is known as a good catalyst
  
Sources
By-product Zirconium Refining  
Ores of metals  
History
  
  
Who Discovered
Dirk Coster and George de Hevesy  
William Hyde Wollaston  
Discovery
In 1922  
In 1803  
Abundance
  
  
Abundance In Universe
0.00 %  
26
0.00 %  
23
Abundance In Sun
0.00 %  
26
0.00 %  
24
Abundance In Meteorites
0.00 %  
37
0.00 %  
99+
Abundance In Earth's Crust
0.00 %  
31
0.00 %  
99+
Abundance In Oceans
0.00 %  
27
-  
Abundance In Humans
0.00 %  
14
0.00 %  
24
Uses
Uses & Benefits
  • It has an ability to absorb neutrons and hence it is used to make control rods in nuclear submarines. And this metal is also used in Plasma welding torches.
  • It alloys with iron, titanium and niobium are very useful.
  
  • Mostly palladium metal is used in catalytic converters. In electronic industry it is used in ceramic capacitors of mobile and computer.
  • It is used in jewellery and dental fillings and crowns.
  
Industrial Uses
Ammunition Industry  
Aerospace Industry, Automobile Industry, Electronic Industry  
Medical Uses
-  
Dentistry, Pharmaceutical Industry, Surgical Instruments Manufacturing  
Other Uses
Alloys, In Nuclear Reactors, Nuclear Research, Research Purposes  
Coinage, Bullion, Jewellery  
Biological Properties
  
  
Toxicity
Toxic  
Toxic  
Present in Human Body
No  
No  
In Blood
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3  
40
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3  
37
In Bone
0.00 p.p.m.  
99+
0.00 p.p.m.  
99+
Physical
Melting Point
2,150.00 °C  
10
1,554.90 °C  
22
Boiling Point
5,400.00 °C  
5
2,963.00 °C  
34
Appearance
  
  
Physical State
Solid  
Solid  
Color
Gray  
Silver  
Luster
Metallic  
Metallic  
Hardness
  
  
Mohs Hardness
5.50  
7
4.75  
9
Brinell Hardness
1,450.00 MPa  
6
320.00 MPa  
40
Vickers Hardness
1,520.00 MPa  
10
121.00 MPa  
99+
Speed of Sound
3,010.00 m/s  
39
3,070.00 m/s  
38
Optical Properties
  
  
Refractive Index
2.00  
15
1.72  
25
Reflectivity
71.00 %  
12
84.00 %  
5
Allotropes
No  
No  
α Allotropes
-  
-  
β Allotropes
-  
-  
γ Allotropes
-  
-  
Chemical
Chemical Formula
Hf  
Pd  
Isotopes
  
  
Known Isotopes
32  
7
38  
1
Electronegativity
  
  
Pauling Electronegativity
1.30  
33
2.20  
5
Sanderson Electronegativity
1.30  
25
2.20  
8
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.23  
26
1.35  
22
Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
1.30  
33
2.20  
6
Allen Electronegativity
1.16  
99+
1.59  
25
Electropositivity
  
  
Pauling Electropositivity
2.70  
22
1.80  
99+
Ionization Energies
  
  
1st Energy Level
658.50 kJ/mol  
40
520.23 kJ/mol  
99+
2nd Energy Level
1,440.00 kJ/mol  
99+
7,298.22 kJ/mol  
2
3rd Energy Level
2,250.00 kJ/mol  
99+
11,815.13 kJ/mol  
3
4th Energy Level
3,216.00 kJ/mol  
99+
870.00 kJ/mol  
99+
5th Energy Level
6,585.00 kJ/mol  
33
8,044.00 kJ/mol  
13
6th Energy Level
6,585.00 kJ/mol  
99+
8,044.00 kJ/mol  
33
7th Energy level
6,580.00 kJ/mol  
99+
8,040.00 kJ/mol  
27
8th Energy Level
6,580.00 kJ/mol  
99+
8,040.00 kJ/mol  
27
9th Energy Level
6,585.00 kJ/mol  
38
8,040.00 kJ/mol  
24
10th Energy Level
6,590.00 kJ/mol  
40
8,040.00 kJ/mol  
28
11th Energy Level
6,585.00 kJ/mol  
40
8,040.00 kJ/mol  
27
12th Energy Level
6,580.00 kJ/mol  
99+
8,040.00 kJ/mol  
99+
13th Energy Level
6,580.00 kJ/mol  
35
5,310.00 kJ/mol  
99+
14th Energy Level
658.50 kJ/mol  
99+
804.40 kJ/mol  
99+
15th Energy Level
65,800.00 kJ/mol  
34
80,400.00 kJ/mol  
16
16th Energy Level
658.50 kJ/mol  
99+
804.40 kJ/mol  
99+
17th Energy Level
658.50 kJ/mol  
99+
804.40 kJ/mol  
33
18th Energy Level
6,585.00 kJ/mol  
36
8,045.00 kJ/mol  
22
19th Energy Level
658.50 kJ/mol  
99+
804.40 kJ/mol  
30
20th Energy Level
658.00 kJ/mol  
37
804.00 kJ/mol  
23
21st Energy Level
658.50 kJ/mol  
99+
804.40 kJ/mol  
99+
22nd Energy Level
658.00 kJ/mol  
31
804.00 kJ/mol  
18
23rd Energy Level
658.50 kJ/mol  
99+
804.40 kJ/mol  
99+
24th Energy Level
658.50 kJ/mol  
31
804.40 kJ/mol  
14
25th Energy Level
658.00 kJ/mol  
33
804.40 kJ/mol  
12
26th Energy Level
658.50 kJ/mol  
32
804.40 kJ/mol  
12
27th Energy Level
658.50 kJ/mol  
33
804.40 kJ/mol  
11
28th Energy Level
658.50 kJ/mol  
38
804.40 kJ/mol  
17
29th Energy Level
658.50 kJ/mol  
39
804.40 kJ/mol  
16
30th Energy Level
658.00 kJ/mol  
35
804.00 kJ/mol  
12
Electrochemical Equivalent
1.66 g/amp-hr  
99+
1.99 g/amp-hr  
34
Electron Work Function
3.90 eV  
36
5.12 eV  
7
Other Chemical Properties
Anti Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility  
Chemical Stability, Corrosion, Ionization, Solubility  
Atomic
Atomic Number
72  
99+
46  
99+
Electron Configuration
[Xe] 4f14 5d2 6s2  
[Kr] 4d10  
Crystal Structure
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)  
Face Centered Cubic (FCC)  
Crystal Lattice
BCC-Crystal-Structure-.jpg#100  
FCC-Crystal-Structure-of-Palladium.jpg#100  
Atom
  
  
Number of Protons
72  
99+
46  
99+
Number of Neutrons
106  
30
60  
99+
Number of Electrons
72  
99+
46  
99+
Radius of an Atom
  
  
Atomic Radius
159.00 pm  
30
137.00 pm  
99+
Covalent Radius
175.00 pm  
25
139.00 pm  
99+
Van der Waals Radius
200.00 pm  
35
163.00 pm  
99+
Atomic Weight
178.49 amu  
39
106.42 amu  
99+
Atomic Volume
13.60 cm3/mol  
99+
8.90 cm3/mol  
99+
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
  
  
Previous Element
Lutetium
  
Rhodium
  
Next Element
Tantalum
  
Silver
  
Valence Electron Potential
81.00 (-eV)  
16
33.00 (-eV)  
99+
Lattice Constant
319.64 pm  
99+
389.07 pm  
28
Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3  
π/2, π/2, π/2  
Lattice C/A Ratio
1.58  
34
1.56  
99+
Mechanical
Density
  
  
Density At Room Temperature
13.31 g/cm3  
27
12.02 g/cm3  
31
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
12.00 g/cm3  
31
10.38 g/cm3  
38
Tensile Strength
445.00 MPa  
9
550.00 MPa  
8
Viscosity
0.00  
28
0.00  
14
Vapor Pressure
  
  
Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
0.00 (Pa)  
37
0.00 (Pa)  
29
Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
0.00 (Pa)  
25
0.00 (Pa)  
99+
Elasticity properties
  
  
Shear Modulus
30.00 GPa  
27
44.00 GPa  
17
Bulk Modulus
110.00 GPa  
15
180.00 GPa  
9
Young's Modulus
78.00 GPa  
27
121.00 GPa  
18
Poisson Ratio
0.37  
7
0.39  
5
Other Mechanical Properties
Ductile, Malleable  
Ductile, Malleable, Weldable  
Magnetic
Magnetic Characteristics
  
  
Specific Gravity
13.31  
30
12.02  
33
Magnetic Ordering
Paramagnetic  
Diamagnetic  
Permeability
0.00 H/m  
9
0.00 H/m  
18
Susceptibility
0.00  
13
0.00  
27
Electrical Properties
  
  
Electrical Property
Conductor  
Conductor  
Resistivity
331.00 nΩ·m  
14
105.40 nΩ·m  
29
Electrical Conductivity
0.03 106/cm Ω  
99+
0.10 106/cm Ω  
27
Electron Affinity
0.00 kJ/mol  
99+
54.23 kJ/mol  
21
Thermal
Specific Heat
0.14 J/(kg K)  
38
0.24 J/(kg K)  
23
Molar Heat Capacity
25.73 J/mol·K  
99+
25.98 J/mol·K  
99+
Thermal Conductivity
23.00 W/m·K  
99+
71.80 W/m·K  
23
Critical Temperature
2,500.00 K  
11
1,825.00 K  
26
Thermal Expansion
5.90 µm/(m·K)  
99+
11.80 µm/(m·K)  
99+
Enthalpy
  
  
Enthalpy of Vaporization
661.10 kJ/mol  
6
376.60 kJ/mol  
28
Enthalpy of Fusion
25.10 kJ/mol  
8
16.74 kJ/mol  
18
Enthalpy of Atomization
703.00 kJ/mol  
5
393.30 kJ/mol  
29
Standard Molar Entropy
43.60 J/mol.K  
99+
37.60 J/mol.K  
99+
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