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Palladium vs Hafnium

Palladium
Hafnium
Hafnium vs Palladium


Periodic Table
Symbol
Pd  
Hf  
Group Number
10  
8
4  
14
Period Number
5  
6  
Block
d block  
d block  
Element Family
Transition Metal  
Transition Metal  
CAS Number
7440053  
99+
7440586  
30
Space Group Name
Fm_ 3m  
P63/mmc  
Space Group Number
225.00  
3
194.00  
7
Facts
Interesting Facts
  • Palladium alloys are used for Jewelry contains (95% Palladium and 5% Ruthenium)
  • In the late 1800s, Palladium metal used have more economical value than the Platinum metal.
  • Palladium element is known as a good catalyst
  
  • Hafnium metal is highly reactive, hence not found free in nature.
  • Hafnium metal as predicated after Mendeleev finished his periodic table.
  
Sources
Ores of metals  
By-product Zirconium Refining  
History
  
  
Who Discovered
William Hyde Wollaston  
Dirk Coster and George de Hevesy  
Discovery
In 1803  
In 1922  
Abundance
  
  
Abundance In Universe
0.00 %  
23
0.00 %  
26
Abundance In Sun
0.00 %  
24
0.00 %  
26
Abundance In Meteorites
0.00 %  
99+
0.00 %  
37
Abundance In Earth's Crust
0.00 %  
99+
0.00 %  
31
Abundance In Oceans
-  
0.00 %  
27
Abundance In Humans
0.00 %  
24
0.00 %  
14
Uses
Uses & Benefits
  • Mostly palladium metal is used in catalytic converters. In electronic industry it is used in ceramic capacitors of mobile and computer.
  • It is used in jewellery and dental fillings and crowns.
  
  • It has an ability to absorb neutrons and hence it is used to make control rods in nuclear submarines. And this metal is also used in Plasma welding torches.
  • It alloys with iron, titanium and niobium are very useful.
  
Industrial Uses
Aerospace Industry, Automobile Industry, Electronic Industry  
Ammunition Industry  
Medical Uses
Dentistry, Pharmaceutical Industry, Surgical Instruments Manufacturing  
-  
Other Uses
Coinage, Bullion, Jewellery  
Alloys, In Nuclear Reactors, Nuclear Research, Research Purposes  
Biological Properties
  
  
Toxicity
Toxic  
Toxic  
Present in Human Body
No  
No  
In Blood
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3  
37
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3  
40
In Bone
0.00 p.p.m.  
99+
0.00 p.p.m.  
99+
Physical
Melting Point
1,554.90 °C  
22
2,150.00 °C  
10
Boiling Point
2,963.00 °C  
34
5,400.00 °C  
5
Appearance
  
  
Physical State
Solid  
Solid  
Color
Silver  
Gray  
Luster
Metallic  
Metallic  
Hardness
  
  
Mohs Hardness
4.75  
9
5.50  
7
Brinell Hardness
320.00 MPa  
40
1,450.00 MPa  
6
Vickers Hardness
121.00 MPa  
99+
1,520.00 MPa  
10
Speed of Sound
3,070.00 m/s  
38
3,010.00 m/s  
39
Optical Properties
  
  
Refractive Index
1.72  
25
2.00  
15
Reflectivity
84.00 %  
5
71.00 %  
12
Allotropes
No  
No  
α Allotropes
-  
-  
β Allotropes
-  
-  
γ Allotropes
-  
-  
Chemical
Chemical Formula
Pd  
Hf  
Isotopes
  
  
Known Isotopes
38  
1
32  
7
Electronegativity
  
  
Pauling Electronegativity
2.20  
5
1.30  
33
Sanderson Electronegativity
2.20  
8
1.30  
25
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.35  
22
1.23  
26
Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
2.20  
6
1.30  
33
Allen Electronegativity
1.59  
25
1.16  
99+
Electropositivity
  
  
Pauling Electropositivity
1.80  
99+
2.70  
22
Ionization Energies
  
  
1st Energy Level
520.23 kJ/mol  
99+
658.50 kJ/mol  
40
2nd Energy Level
7,298.22 kJ/mol  
2
1,440.00 kJ/mol  
99+
3rd Energy Level
11,815.13 kJ/mol  
3
2,250.00 kJ/mol  
99+
4th Energy Level
870.00 kJ/mol  
99+
3,216.00 kJ/mol  
99+
5th Energy Level
8,044.00 kJ/mol  
13
6,585.00 kJ/mol  
33
6th Energy Level
8,044.00 kJ/mol  
33
6,585.00 kJ/mol  
99+
7th Energy level
8,040.00 kJ/mol  
27
6,580.00 kJ/mol  
99+
8th Energy Level
8,040.00 kJ/mol  
27
6,580.00 kJ/mol  
99+
9th Energy Level
8,040.00 kJ/mol  
24
6,585.00 kJ/mol  
38
10th Energy Level
8,040.00 kJ/mol  
28
6,590.00 kJ/mol  
40
11th Energy Level
8,040.00 kJ/mol  
27
6,585.00 kJ/mol  
40
12th Energy Level
8,040.00 kJ/mol  
99+
6,580.00 kJ/mol  
99+
13th Energy Level
5,310.00 kJ/mol  
99+
6,580.00 kJ/mol  
35
14th Energy Level
804.40 kJ/mol  
99+
658.50 kJ/mol  
99+
15th Energy Level
80,400.00 kJ/mol  
16
65,800.00 kJ/mol  
34
16th Energy Level
804.40 kJ/mol  
99+
658.50 kJ/mol  
99+
17th Energy Level
804.40 kJ/mol  
33
658.50 kJ/mol  
99+
18th Energy Level
8,045.00 kJ/mol  
22
6,585.00 kJ/mol  
36
19th Energy Level
804.40 kJ/mol  
30
658.50 kJ/mol  
99+
20th Energy Level
804.00 kJ/mol  
23
658.00 kJ/mol  
37
21st Energy Level
804.40 kJ/mol  
99+
658.50 kJ/mol  
99+
22nd Energy Level
804.00 kJ/mol  
18
658.00 kJ/mol  
31
23rd Energy Level
804.40 kJ/mol  
99+
658.50 kJ/mol  
99+
24th Energy Level
804.40 kJ/mol  
14
658.50 kJ/mol  
31
25th Energy Level
804.40 kJ/mol  
12
658.00 kJ/mol  
33
26th Energy Level
804.40 kJ/mol  
12
658.50 kJ/mol  
32
27th Energy Level
804.40 kJ/mol  
11
658.50 kJ/mol  
33
28th Energy Level
804.40 kJ/mol  
17
658.50 kJ/mol  
38
29th Energy Level
804.40 kJ/mol  
16
658.50 kJ/mol  
39
30th Energy Level
804.00 kJ/mol  
12
658.00 kJ/mol  
35
Electrochemical Equivalent
1.99 g/amp-hr  
34
1.66 g/amp-hr  
99+
Electron Work Function
5.12 eV  
7
3.90 eV  
36
Other Chemical Properties
Chemical Stability, Corrosion, Ionization, Solubility  
Anti Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility  
Atomic
Atomic Number
46  
99+
72  
99+
Electron Configuration
[Kr] 4d10  
[Xe] 4f14 5d2 6s2  
Crystal Structure
Face Centered Cubic (FCC)  
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)  
Crystal Lattice
FCC-Crystal-Structure-of-Palladium.jpg#100  
BCC-Crystal-Structure-.jpg#100  
Atom
  
  
Number of Protons
46  
99+
72  
99+
Number of Neutrons
60  
99+
106  
30
Number of Electrons
46  
99+
72  
99+
Radius of an Atom
  
  
Atomic Radius
137.00 pm  
99+
159.00 pm  
30
Covalent Radius
139.00 pm  
99+
175.00 pm  
25
Van der Waals Radius
163.00 pm  
99+
200.00 pm  
35
Atomic Weight
106.42 amu  
99+
178.49 amu  
39
Atomic Volume
8.90 cm3/mol  
99+
13.60 cm3/mol  
99+
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
  
  
Previous Element
Rhodium
  
Lutetium
  
Next Element
Silver
  
Tantalum
  
Valence Electron Potential
33.00 (-eV)  
99+
81.00 (-eV)  
16
Lattice Constant
389.07 pm  
28
319.64 pm  
99+
Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, π/2  
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3  
Lattice C/A Ratio
1.56  
99+
1.58  
34
Mechanical
Density
  
  
Density At Room Temperature
12.02 g/cm3  
31
13.31 g/cm3  
27
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
10.38 g/cm3  
38
12.00 g/cm3  
31
Tensile Strength
550.00 MPa  
8
445.00 MPa  
9
Viscosity
0.00  
14
0.00  
28
Vapor Pressure
  
  
Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
0.00 (Pa)  
29
0.00 (Pa)  
37
Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
0.00 (Pa)  
99+
0.00 (Pa)  
25
Elasticity properties
  
  
Shear Modulus
44.00 GPa  
17
30.00 GPa  
27
Bulk Modulus
180.00 GPa  
9
110.00 GPa  
15
Young's Modulus
121.00 GPa  
18
78.00 GPa  
27
Poisson Ratio
0.39  
5
0.37  
7
Other Mechanical Properties
Ductile, Malleable, Weldable  
Ductile, Malleable  
Magnetic
Magnetic Characteristics
  
  
Specific Gravity
12.02  
33
13.31  
30
Magnetic Ordering
Diamagnetic  
Paramagnetic  
Permeability
0.00 H/m  
18
0.00 H/m  
9
Susceptibility
0.00  
27
0.00  
13
Electrical Properties
  
  
Electrical Property
Conductor  
Conductor  
Resistivity
105.40 nΩ·m  
29
331.00 nΩ·m  
14
Electrical Conductivity
0.10 106/cm Ω  
27
0.03 106/cm Ω  
99+
Electron Affinity
54.23 kJ/mol  
21
0.00 kJ/mol  
99+
Thermal
Specific Heat
0.24 J/(kg K)  
23
0.14 J/(kg K)  
38
Molar Heat Capacity
25.98 J/mol·K  
99+
25.73 J/mol·K  
99+
Thermal Conductivity
71.80 W/m·K  
23
23.00 W/m·K  
99+
Critical Temperature
1,825.00 K  
26
2,500.00 K  
11
Thermal Expansion
11.80 µm/(m·K)  
99+
5.90 µm/(m·K)  
99+
Enthalpy
  
  
Enthalpy of Vaporization
376.60 kJ/mol  
28
661.10 kJ/mol  
6
Enthalpy of Fusion
16.74 kJ/mol  
18
25.10 kJ/mol  
8
Enthalpy of Atomization
393.30 kJ/mol  
29
703.00 kJ/mol  
5
Standard Molar Entropy
37.60 J/mol.K  
99+
43.60 J/mol.K  
99+
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