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Palladium vs Hafnium

Palladium
Hafnium
Hafnium vs Palladium


Periodic Table
Symbol
Pd  
Hf  
Group Number
10  
8
4  
14
Period Number
5  
6  
Block
d block  
d block  
Element Family
Transition Metal  
Transition Metal  
CAS Number
7440053  
99+
7440586  
30
Space Group Name
Fm_ 3m  
P63/mmc  
Space Group Number
225.00  
2
194.00  
5
Facts
Interesting Facts
  • Palladium alloys are used for Jewelry contains (95% Palladium and 5% Ruthenium)
  • In the late 1800s, Palladium metal used have more economical value than the Platinum metal.
  • Palladium element is known as a good catalyst
  
  • Hafnium metal is highly reactive, hence not found free in nature.
  • Hafnium metal as predicated after Mendeleev finished his periodic table.
  
Sources
Ores of metals  
By-product Zirconium Refining  
History
  
  
Who Discovered
William Hyde Wollaston  
Dirk Coster and George de Hevesy  
Discovery
In 1803  
In 1922  
Abundance
  
  
Abundance In Universe
2 * 10-7 %  
22
7 * 10-8 %  
25
Abundance In Sun
~0.0000003 %  
24
~0.0000001 %  
26
Abundance In Meteorites
0.00 %  
99+
0.00 %  
37
Abundance In Earth's Crust
0.00 %  
99+
0.00 %  
31
Abundance In Oceans
Not Available  
0.00 %  
27
Uses
Uses & Benefits
  • Mostly palladium metal is used in catalytic converters. In electronic industry it is used in ceramic capacitors of mobile and computer.
  • It is used in jewellery and dental fillings and crowns.
  
  • It has an ability to absorb neutrons and hence it is used to make control rods in nuclear submarines. And this metal is also used in Plasma welding torches.
  • It alloys with iron, titanium and niobium are very useful.
  
Industrial Uses
Aerospace Industry, Automobile Industry, Electronic Industry  
Ammunition Industry  
Medical Uses
Dentistry, Pharmaceutical Industry, Surgical Instruments Manufacturing  
NA  
Other Uses
Coinage, Bullion, Jewellery  
Alloys, In Nuclear Reactors, Nuclear Research, Research Purposes  
Biological Properties
  
  
Toxicity
Toxic  
Toxic  
Present in Human Body
No  
No  
Physical Properties
Melting Point
1,554.90 °C  
22
2,150.00 °C  
10
Boiling Point
2,963.00 °C  
33
5,400.00 °C  
5
Appearance
  
  
Physical State
Solid  
Solid  
Color
Silver  
Gray  
Luster
Metallic  
Metallic  
Hardness
  
  
Mohs Hardness
4.75  
9
5.50  
7
Brinell Hardness
320.00 MPa  
33
1,450.00 MPa  
6
Vickers Hardness
121.00 MPa  
36
1,520.00 MPa  
5
Speed of Sound
3,070.00 m/s  
26
3,010.00 m/s  
27
Optical Properties
  
  
Refractive Index
1.72  
1
Not Available  
Reflectivity
84.00 %  
4
Not Available  
Allotropes
No  
No  
α Allotropes
Not Available  
Not Available  
β Allotropes
Not Available  
Not Available  
γ Allotropes
Not Available  
Not Available  
Chemical Properties
Chemical Formula
Pd  
Hf  
Isotopes
  
  
Known Isotopes
38  
1
32  
7
Electronegativity
  
  
Pauling Electronegativity
2.20  
4
1.30  
32
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.35  
21
1.23  
25
Allen Electronegativity
1.59  
22
1.16  
37
Electropositivity
  
  
Pauling Electropositivity
1.80  
99+
2.70  
22
Ionization Energies
  
  
1st Energy Level
520.23 kJ/mol  
99+
658.50 kJ/mol  
40
2nd Energy Level
7,298.22 kJ/mol  
2
1,440.00 kJ/mol  
99+
3rd Energy Level
11,815.13 kJ/mol  
3
2,250.00 kJ/mol  
99+
4th Energy Level
Not Available  
3,216.00 kJ/mol  
99+
Electrochemical Equivalent
1.99 g/amp-hr  
30
1.66 g/amp-hr  
99+
Electron Work Function
5.12 eV  
3
3.90 eV  
27
Other Chemical Properties
Chemical Stability, Corrosion, Ionization, Solubility  
Anti Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility  
Atomic Properties
Atomic Number
46  
99+
72  
99+
Electron Configuration
[Kr] 4d10  
[Xe] 4f14 5d2 6s2  
Crystal Structure
Face Centered Cubic (FCC)  
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)  
Crystal Lattice
FCC-Crystal-Structure-of-Palladium.jpg#100  
BCC-Crystal-Structure-.jpg#100  
Atom
  
  
Number of Protons
46  
99+
72  
99+
Number of Neutrons
60  
99+
106  
29
Number of Electrons
46  
99+
72  
99+
Radius of an Atom
  
  
Atomic Radius
137.00 pm  
40
159.00 pm  
28
Covalent Radius
139.00 pm  
99+
175.00 pm  
23
Van der Waals Radius
163.00 pm  
40
200.00 pm  
28
Atomic Weight
106.42 amu  
99+
178.49 amu  
39
Atomic Volume
8.90 cm3/mol  
99+
13.60 cm3/mol  
38
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
  
  
Previous Element
Rhodium
  
Lutetium
  
Next Element
Silver
  
Tantalum
  
Valence Electron Potential
33.00 (-eV)  
99+
81.00 (-eV)  
16
Lattice Constant
389.07 pm  
25
319.64 pm  
99+
Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, π/2  
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3  
Lattice C/A Ratio
Not Available  
1.58  
12
Mechanical Properties
Density
  
  
Density At Room Temperature
12.02 g/cm3  
29
13.31 g/cm3  
26
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
10.38 g/cm3  
17
12.00 g/cm3  
12
Tensile Strength
Not Available  
445.00 MPa  
8
Viscosity
Not Available  
Not Available  
Vapor Pressure
  
  
Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
0.00 (Pa)  
27
Not Available  
Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
0.00 (Pa)  
30
0.00 (Pa)  
24
Elasticity properties
  
  
Shear Modulus
44.00 GPa  
17
30.00 GPa  
23
Bulk Modulus
180.00 GPa  
9
110.00 GPa  
15
Young's Modulus
121.00 GPa  
16
78.00 GPa  
25
Poisson Ratio
0.39  
5
0.37  
7
Other Mechanical Properties
Ductile, Malleable, Weldable  
Ductile, Malleable  
Magnetic Properties
Magnetic Characteristics
  
  
Specific Gravity
12.02  
21
13.31  
18
Magnetic Ordering
Diamagnetic  
Paramagnetic  
Electrical Properties
  
  
Electrical Property
Conductor  
Conductor  
Resistivity
105.40 nΩ·m  
29
331.00 nΩ·m  
14
Electrical Conductivity
0.10 106/cm Ω  
22
0.03 106/cm Ω  
39
Electron Affinity
54.23 kJ/mol  
17
0.00 kJ/mol  
40
Thermal Properties
Specific Heat
0.24 J/(kg K)  
23
0.14 J/(kg K)  
37
Molar Heat Capacity
25.98 J/mol·K  
33
25.73 J/mol·K  
36
Thermal Conductivity
71.80 W/m·K  
23
23.00 W/m·K  
99+
Critical Temperature
Not Available  
Not Available  
Thermal Expansion
11.80 µm/(m·K)  
33
5.90 µm/(m·K)  
99+
Enthalpy
  
  
Enthalpy of Vaporization
376.60 kJ/mol  
19
661.10 kJ/mol  
5
Enthalpy of Fusion
16.74 kJ/mol  
18
25.10 kJ/mol  
8
Enthalpy of Atomization
393.30 kJ/mol  
22
703.00 kJ/mol  
5
Standard Molar Entropy
37.60 J/mol.K  
40
43.60 J/mol.K  
34
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