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Hafnium vs Promethium

Hafnium
Promethium
Promethium vs Hafnium


Periodic Table
Symbol
Hf  
Pm  
Group Number
4  
14
3  
15
Period Number
6  
6  
Block
d block  
f block  
Element Family
Transition Metal  
Lanthanide  
CAS Number
7440586  
30
7440122  
99+
Space Group Name
P63/mmc  
-  
Space Group Number
194.00  
7
194.00  
7
Facts
Interesting Facts
  • Hafnium metal is highly reactive, hence not found free in nature.
  • Hafnium metal as predicated after Mendeleev finished his periodic table.
  
  • Promethium metal found in Pitchblende.
  • Promethium metal is highly radioactive metal.
  
Sources
By-product Zirconium Refining  
Found in Minerals, Mining  
History
  
  
Who Discovered
Dirk Coster and George de Hevesy  
Chien Shiung Wu, Emilio Segrè, Hans Bethe  
Discovery
In 1922  
In 1942  
Abundance
  
  
Abundance In Universe
0.00 %  
26
0.00 %  
40
Abundance In Sun
0.00 %  
26
-  
Abundance In Meteorites
0.00 %  
37
-  
Abundance In Earth's Crust
0.00 %  
31
0.00 %  
99+
Abundance In Oceans
0.00 %  
27
-  
Abundance In Humans
0.00 %  
14
0.00 %  
24
Uses
Uses & Benefits
  • It has an ability to absorb neutrons and hence it is used to make control rods in nuclear submarines. And this metal is also used in Plasma welding torches.
  • It alloys with iron, titanium and niobium are very useful.
  
  • It is used for research purpose. Very small amount of this metal is used in atomic batteries.
  • Its radioactive decay is used for a phosphor to give off light. The light emitted is converted into electricity.
  
Industrial Uses
Ammunition Industry  
-  
Medical Uses
-  
-  
Other Uses
Alloys, In Nuclear Reactors, Nuclear Research, Research Purposes  
-  
Biological Properties
  
  
Toxicity
Toxic  
Non Toxic  
Present in Human Body
No  
No  
In Blood
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3  
40
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3  
40
In Bone
0.00 p.p.m.  
99+
0.00 p.p.m.  
99+
Physical
Melting Point
2,150.00 °C  
10
1,042.00 °C  
99+
Boiling Point
5,400.00 °C  
5
3,000.00 °C  
32
Appearance
  
  
Physical State
Solid  
Solid  
Color
Gray  
-  
Luster
Metallic  
Metallic  
Hardness
  
  
Mohs Hardness
5.50  
7
-  
Brinell Hardness
1,450.00 MPa  
6
400.00 MPa  
34
Vickers Hardness
1,520.00 MPa  
10
600.00 MPa  
28
Speed of Sound
3,010.00 m/s  
39
2,260.00 m/s  
99+
Optical Properties
  
  
Refractive Index
2.00  
15
1.70  
27
Reflectivity
71.00 %  
12
63.00 %  
20
Allotropes
No  
No  
α Allotropes
-  
-  
β Allotropes
-  
-  
γ Allotropes
-  
-  
Chemical
Chemical Formula
Hf  
Pm  
Isotopes
  
  
Known Isotopes
32  
7
27  
12
Electronegativity
  
  
Pauling Electronegativity
1.30  
33
1.13  
99+
Sanderson Electronegativity
1.30  
25
1.13  
36
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.23  
26
1.07  
33
Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
1.30  
33
1.13  
99+
Allen Electronegativity
1.16  
99+
1.13  
99+
Electropositivity
  
  
Pauling Electropositivity
2.70  
22
2.20  
39
Ionization Energies
  
  
1st Energy Level
658.50 kJ/mol  
40
540.00 kJ/mol  
99+
2nd Energy Level
1,440.00 kJ/mol  
99+
1,050.00 kJ/mol  
99+
3rd Energy Level
2,250.00 kJ/mol  
99+
2,150.00 kJ/mol  
99+
4th Energy Level
3,216.00 kJ/mol  
99+
3,970.00 kJ/mol  
99+
5th Energy Level
6,585.00 kJ/mol  
33
5,400.00 kJ/mol  
99+
6th Energy Level
6,585.00 kJ/mol  
99+
5,400.00 kJ/mol  
99+
7th Energy level
6,580.00 kJ/mol  
99+
5,400.00 kJ/mol  
99+
8th Energy Level
6,580.00 kJ/mol  
99+
5,400.00 kJ/mol  
99+
9th Energy Level
6,585.00 kJ/mol  
38
5,400.00 kJ/mol  
99+
10th Energy Level
6,590.00 kJ/mol  
40
5,400.00 kJ/mol  
99+
11th Energy Level
6,585.00 kJ/mol  
40
5,400.00 kJ/mol  
99+
12th Energy Level
6,580.00 kJ/mol  
99+
5,400.00 kJ/mol  
99+
13th Energy Level
6,580.00 kJ/mol  
35
5,400.00 kJ/mol  
99+
14th Energy Level
658.50 kJ/mol  
99+
5,400.00 kJ/mol  
99+
15th Energy Level
65,800.00 kJ/mol  
34
54,000.00 kJ/mol  
99+
16th Energy Level
658.50 kJ/mol  
99+
54,000.00 kJ/mol  
99+
17th Energy Level
658.50 kJ/mol  
99+
540.50 kJ/mol  
99+
18th Energy Level
6,585.00 kJ/mol  
36
5,400.00 kJ/mol  
99+
19th Energy Level
658.50 kJ/mol  
99+
540.00 kJ/mol  
99+
20th Energy Level
658.00 kJ/mol  
37
540.00 kJ/mol  
99+
21st Energy Level
658.50 kJ/mol  
99+
540.00 kJ/mol  
99+
22nd Energy Level
658.00 kJ/mol  
31
540.00 kJ/mol  
99+
23rd Energy Level
658.50 kJ/mol  
99+
540.00 kJ/mol  
99+
24th Energy Level
658.50 kJ/mol  
31
540.00 kJ/mol  
99+
25th Energy Level
658.00 kJ/mol  
33
540.00 kJ/mol  
99+
26th Energy Level
658.50 kJ/mol  
32
540.00 kJ/mol  
99+
27th Energy Level
658.50 kJ/mol  
33
540.00 kJ/mol  
99+
28th Energy Level
658.50 kJ/mol  
38
540.00 kJ/mol  
99+
29th Energy Level
658.50 kJ/mol  
39
540.00 kJ/mol  
99+
30th Energy Level
658.00 kJ/mol  
35
540.00 kJ/mol  
99+
Electrochemical Equivalent
1.66 g/amp-hr  
99+
1.80 g/amp-hr  
40
Electron Work Function
3.90 eV  
36
5.30 eV  
5
Other Chemical Properties
Anti Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility  
Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility  
Atomic
Atomic Number
72  
99+
61  
99+
Electron Configuration
[Xe] 4f14 5d2 6s2  
[Xe] 4f5 6s2  
Crystal Structure
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)  
Double Hexagonal Close Packed (DHCP)  
Crystal Lattice
BCC-Crystal-Structure-.jpg#100  
DHCP-Crystal-Structure-of-Promethium.jpg#100  
Atom
  
  
Number of Protons
72  
99+
61  
99+
Number of Neutrons
106  
30
84  
99+
Number of Electrons
72  
99+
61  
99+
Radius of an Atom
  
  
Atomic Radius
159.00 pm  
30
183.00 pm  
12
Covalent Radius
175.00 pm  
25
199.00 pm  
12
Van der Waals Radius
200.00 pm  
35
236.00 pm  
20
Atomic Weight
178.49 amu  
39
145.00 amu  
99+
Atomic Volume
13.60 cm3/mol  
99+
22.39 cm3/mol  
21
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
  
  
Previous Element
Lutetium
  
Neodymium
  
Next Element
Tantalum
  
Samarium
  
Valence Electron Potential
81.00 (-eV)  
16
44.10 (-eV)  
40
Lattice Constant
319.64 pm  
99+
-  
Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3  
-  
Lattice C/A Ratio
1.58  
34
1.63  
14
Mechanical
Density
  
  
Density At Room Temperature
13.31 g/cm3  
27
7.26 g/cm3  
99+
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
12.00 g/cm3  
31
7.26 g/cm3  
99+
Tensile Strength
445.00 MPa  
9
75.00 MPa  
30
Viscosity
0.00  
28
0.00  
25
Vapor Pressure
  
  
Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
0.00 (Pa)  
37
0.00 (Pa)  
37
Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
0.00 (Pa)  
25
0.00 (Pa)  
31
Elasticity properties
  
  
Shear Modulus
30.00 GPa  
27
18.00 GPa  
99+
Bulk Modulus
110.00 GPa  
15
33.00 GPa  
99+
Young's Modulus
78.00 GPa  
27
46.00 GPa  
99+
Poisson Ratio
0.37  
7
0.28  
17
Other Mechanical Properties
Ductile, Malleable  
-  
Magnetic
Magnetic Characteristics
  
  
Specific Gravity
13.31  
30
7.26  
99+
Magnetic Ordering
Paramagnetic  
Paramagnetic  
Permeability
0.00 H/m  
9
0.00 H/m  
11
Susceptibility
0.00  
13
0.00  
25
Electrical Properties
  
  
Electrical Property
Conductor  
Conductor  
Resistivity
331.00 nΩ·m  
14
0.75 nΩ·m  
99+
Electrical Conductivity
0.03 106/cm Ω  
99+
0.00 106/cm Ω  
99+
Electron Affinity
0.00 kJ/mol  
99+
50.00 kJ/mol  
26
Thermal
Specific Heat
0.14 J/(kg K)  
38
0.18 J/(kg K)  
34
Molar Heat Capacity
25.73 J/mol·K  
99+
27.60 J/mol·K  
20
Thermal Conductivity
23.00 W/m·K  
99+
17.90 W/m·K  
99+
Critical Temperature
2,500.00 K  
11
1,315.00 K  
99+
Thermal Expansion
5.90 µm/(m·K)  
99+
9.00 µm/(m·K)  
99+
Enthalpy
  
  
Enthalpy of Vaporization
661.10 kJ/mol  
6
289.00 kJ/mol  
99+
Enthalpy of Fusion
25.10 kJ/mol  
8
7.50 kJ/mol  
99+
Enthalpy of Atomization
703.00 kJ/mol  
5
310.00 kJ/mol  
99+
Standard Molar Entropy
43.60 J/mol.K  
99+
57.00 J/mol.K  
30
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