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Hafnium vs Promethium

Hafnium
Promethium
Promethium vs Hafnium


Periodic Table
Symbol
Hf   
Pm   
Group Number
4   
14
Not Available   
Period Number
6   
6   
Block
d block   
f block   
Element Family
Transition Metal   
Lanthanide   
CAS Number
7440586   
30
7440122   
99+
Space Group Name
P63/mmc   
Not Available   
Space Group Number
194.00   
5
Not Available   
Facts
Interesting Facts
  • Hafnium metal is highly reactive, hence not found free in nature.
  • Hafnium metal as predicated after Mendeleev finished his periodic table.
  
  • Promethium metal found in Pitchblende.
  • Promethium metal is highly radioactive metal.
  
Sources
By-product Zirconium Refining   
Found in Minerals, Mining   
History
  
  
Who Discovered
Dirk Coster and George de Hevesy   
Chien Shiung Wu, Emilio Segrè, Hans Bethe   
Discovery
In 1922   
In 1942   
Abundance
  
  
Abundance In Universe
7 * 10-8 %   
25
Not Available   
Abundance In Sun
~0.0000001 %   
26
~-9999 %   
Abundance In Meteorites
0.00 %   
37
Not Available   
Abundance In Earth's Crust
0.00 %   
31
Not Available   
Abundance In Oceans
0.00 %   
27
Not Available   
Uses
Uses & Benefits
  • It has an ability to absorb neutrons and hence it is used to make control rods in nuclear submarines. And this metal is also used in Plasma welding torches.
  • It alloys with iron, titanium and niobium are very useful.
  
  • It is used for research purpose. Very small amount of this metal is used in atomic batteries.
  • Its radioactive decay is used for a phosphor to give off light. The light emitted is converted into electricity.
  
Industrial Uses
Ammunition Industry   
NA   
Medical Uses
NA   
NA   
Other Uses
Alloys, In Nuclear Reactors, Nuclear Research, Research Purposes   
NA   
Biological Properties
  
  
Toxicity
Toxic   
Non Toxic   
Present in Human Body
No   
No   
In Blood
Not Available   
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3   
37
Physical Properties
Melting Point
2,150.00 °C   
10
1,042.00 °C   
99+
Boiling Point
5,400.00 °C   
5
3,000.00 °C   
31
Appearance
  
  
Physical State
Solid   
Solid   
Color
Gray   
Unknown   
Luster
Metallic   
Metallic   
Hardness
  
  
Mohs Hardness
5.50   
7
Not Available   
Brinell Hardness
1,450.00 MPa   
6
Not Available   
Vickers Hardness
1,520.00 MPa   
5
Not Available   
Speed of Sound
3,010.00 m/s   
27
Not Available   
Optical Properties
  
  
Allotropes
No   
No   
α Allotropes
Not Available   
Not Available   
β Allotropes
Not Available   
Not Available   
γ Allotropes
Not Available   
Not Available   
Chemical Properties
Chemical Formula
Hf   
Pm   
Isotopes
  
  
Known Isotopes
32   
7
27   
12
Electronegativity
  
  
Pauling Electronegativity
1.30   
32
Not Available   
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.23   
25
1.07   
32
Allen Electronegativity
1.16   
37
Not Available   
Electropositivity
  
  
Pauling Electropositivity
2.70   
22
Not Available   
Ionization Energies
  
  
1st Energy Level
658.50 kJ/mol   
40
540.00 kJ/mol   
99+
2nd Energy Level
1,440.00 kJ/mol   
99+
1,050.00 kJ/mol   
99+
3rd Energy Level
2,250.00 kJ/mol   
99+
2,150.00 kJ/mol   
99+
4th Energy Level
3,216.00 kJ/mol   
99+
3,970.00 kJ/mol   
38
Electrochemical Equivalent
1.66 g/amp-hr   
99+
1.80 g/amp-hr   
36
Electron Work Function
3.90 eV   
27
Not Available   
Other Chemical Properties
Anti Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility   
Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility   
Atomic Properties
Atomic Number
72   
99+
61   
99+
Electron Configuration
[Xe] 4f14 5d2 6s2   
[Xe] 4f5 6s2   
Crystal Structure
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)   
Double Hexagonal Close Packed (DHCP)   
Crystal Lattice
BCC-Crystal-Structure-.jpg#100   
DHCP-Crystal-Structure-of-Promethium.jpg#100   
Atom
  
  
Number of Protons
72   
99+
61   
99+
Number of Neutrons
106   
29
84   
40
Number of Electrons
72   
99+
61   
99+
Radius of an Atom
  
  
Atomic Radius
159.00 pm   
28
183.00 pm   
10
Covalent Radius
175.00 pm   
23
199.00 pm   
12
Van der Waals Radius
200.00 pm   
28
236.00 pm   
16
Atomic Weight
178.49 amu   
39
145.00 amu   
99+
Atomic Volume
13.60 cm3/mol   
38
22.39 cm3/mol   
12
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
  
  
Previous Element
Lutetium
  
Neodymium
  
Next Element
Tantalum
  
Samarium
  
Valence Electron Potential
81.00 (-eV)   
16
44.10 (-eV)   
39
Lattice Constant
319.64 pm   
99+
Not Available   
Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3   
Unknown   
Lattice C/A Ratio
1.58   
12
Not Available   
Mechanical Properties
Density
  
  
Density At Room Temperature
13.31 g/cm3   
26
7.26 g/cm3   
99+
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
12.00 g/cm3   
12
Not Available   
Tensile Strength
445.00 MPa   
8
Not Available   
Viscosity
Not Available   
Not Available   
Vapor Pressure
  
  
Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
0.00 (Pa)   
24
Not Available   
Elasticity properties
  
  
Shear Modulus
30.00 GPa   
23
18.00 GPa   
36
Bulk Modulus
110.00 GPa   
15
33.00 GPa   
36
Young's Modulus
78.00 GPa   
25
46.00 GPa   
38
Poisson Ratio
0.37   
7
0.28   
17
Other Mechanical Properties
Ductile, Malleable   
NA   
Magnetic Properties
Magnetic Characteristics
  
  
Specific Gravity
13.31   
18
7.26   
99+
Magnetic Ordering
Paramagnetic   
Paramagnetic   
Electrical Properties
  
  
Electrical Property
Conductor   
Conductor   
Resistivity
331.00 nΩ·m   
14
0.75 nΩ·m   
99+
Electrical Conductivity
0.03 106/cm Ω   
39
Not Available   
Electron Affinity
0.00 kJ/mol   
40
50.00 kJ/mol   
21
Thermal Properties
Specific Heat
0.14 J/(kg K)   
37
0.18 J/(kg K)   
33
Molar Heat Capacity
25.73 J/mol·K   
36
Not Available   
Thermal Conductivity
23.00 W/m·K   
99+
17.90 W/m·K   
99+
Critical Temperature
Not Available   
Not Available   
Thermal Expansion
5.90 µm/(m·K)   
99+
9.00 µm/(m·K)   
99+
Enthalpy
  
  
Enthalpy of Vaporization
661.10 kJ/mol   
5
Not Available   
Enthalpy of Fusion
25.10 kJ/mol   
8
7.50 kJ/mol   
99+
Enthalpy of Atomization
703.00 kJ/mol   
5
310.00 kJ/mol   
34
Standard Molar Entropy
43.60 J/mol.K   
34
Not Available   
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